Principles of Modern Chemistry
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305079113
Author: David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 5, Problem 24P
(a) Predict the
(b) Suppose the eighth-period alkali-metal atom turned out to have atomic number 137. What explanation would you give for such a high atomic number (recall that the atomic number of francium is only 87)?
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Students have asked these similar questions
(a) Predict the atomic number of the (as yet undiscovered)
alkali-metal element in the eighth period.
(b) Suppose the eighth-period alkali-metal atom turned
out to have atomic number 137. What explanation
would you give for such a high atomic number (recall
that the atomic number of francium is only 87)?
Consider the general valence electron configuration of ns2np5 and the following statements:(i) Elements with this electron configuration are expected to form -1 anions.(ii) Elements with this electron configuration are expected to have large positive electron affinities.(iii) Elements with this electron configuration are nonmetals.(iv) Elements with this electron configuration form acidic oxides.
Which statements are true?
Consider the general valence electron configuration of ns2np5 and the following statements:(i) Elements with this electron configuration are expected to form -1 anions.(ii) Elements with this electron configuration are expected to have large positive electron affinities.(iii) Elements with this electron configuration are nonmetals.(iv) Elements with this electron configuration form acidic oxides.Which statements are true?
(i), (iii,) and (iv)
(ii) and (iii)
(i), (ii), and (iii)
(i) and (ii)
All statements are true.
Describe and explain each of the following atomic properties of the representative group of elements in the periodic table:
(a) The trends of atomic size left-to-right across period and top-to-bottom down the group;
(b) The trends of ionization energy left-to-right across period and top-to-bottom down the group
Chapter 5 Solutions
Principles of Modern Chemistry
Ch. 5 - Which of the following combinations of quantum...Ch. 5 - Which of the following combinations of quantum...Ch. 5 - Label the orbitals described by each of the...Ch. 5 - Label the orbitals described by each of the...Ch. 5 - Estimate the probability of finding an electron...Ch. 5 - Using Table 5.2, write down the mathematical...Ch. 5 - How many radial nodes and how many angular nodes...Ch. 5 - How many radial nodes and how many angular nodes...Ch. 5 - Use the mathematical expression for the 2pz wave...Ch. 5 - (a) Use the radial wave function for the 3p...
Ch. 5 - Calculate the average distance of the electron...Ch. 5 - The helium ion He+ is a one-electron system whose...Ch. 5 - Spectroscopic studies show that Li can have...Ch. 5 - Spectroscopic studies of Li also show that...Ch. 5 - Spectroscopic studies show that Na can have...Ch. 5 - Using data from Problems 13 and 15, calculate the...Ch. 5 - Give the ground-state electron configurations of...Ch. 5 - Give the ground-state electron configurations of...Ch. 5 - Prob. 19PCh. 5 - Write ground-state electron configurations for the...Ch. 5 - Identify the atom or ion corresponding to each of...Ch. 5 - Identify the atom or ion corresponding to each of...Ch. 5 - Predict the atomic number of the (as yet...Ch. 5 - (a) Predict the atomic number of the (as yet...Ch. 5 - Suppose that the spin quantum number did not...Ch. 5 - Suppose that the spin quantum number had three...Ch. 5 - Photoelectron spectra of mercury (Hg) atoms...Ch. 5 - Quantum mechanics predicts that the energy of the...Ch. 5 - Prob. 29PCh. 5 - Photoelectron spectroscopy studies of silicon...Ch. 5 - Photoelectron spectroscopy studies have determined...Ch. 5 - Prob. 32PCh. 5 - For each of the following pairs of atoms or ions,...Ch. 5 - For each of the following pairs of atoms or ions,...Ch. 5 - Predict the larger ion in each of the following...Ch. 5 - Prob. 36PCh. 5 - The first ionization energy of helium is...Ch. 5 - The energy needed to remove one electron from a...Ch. 5 - Without consulting any tables, arrange the...Ch. 5 - Both the electron affinity and the ionization...Ch. 5 - The cesium atom has the lowest ionization energy,...Ch. 5 - Until recently, it was thought that Ca was...Ch. 5 - In the hydrogen atom, the transition from the 2p...Ch. 5 - The energy needed to ionize an atom of element X...Ch. 5 - Suppose an atom in an excited state can return to...Ch. 5 - For the Li atom, the energy difference between the...Ch. 5 - How does the 3dxy orbital of an electron in O7+...Ch. 5 - The wave function of an electron in the lowest...Ch. 5 - An atom of sodium has the electron configuration...Ch. 5 - (a) The nitrogen atom has one electron in each of...Ch. 5 - Chromium(IV) oxide is used in making magnetic...Ch. 5 - Prob. 52APCh. 5 - Arrange the following seven atoms or ions in order...Ch. 5 - Which is higher, the third ionization energy of...Ch. 5 - The outermost electron in an alkali-metal atom is...Ch. 5 - In two-photon ionization spectroscopy, the...Ch. 5 - For the H atom, the transition from the 2p state...Ch. 5 - (a) Give the complete electron configuration...Ch. 5 - What experimental evidence does the periodic table...
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- Does the information on alkali metals in Table 2-8 of the text confirm the general periodic trends in ionization energy and atomic radius? Explain.arrow_forward6.82 A particular element has the following values for its first four ionization energies: 900, 1760, 14, 850, and 21,000 kJ/mol. Without consulting a list of ionization energy values, determine what group in the periodic table this element belongs in.arrow_forwardWe expect the atomic radius to increase going down a group in the periodic table. Can you suggest why the atomic radius of hafnium breaks this rule? (See data below.)arrow_forward
- Which of these isoelectronic ions, Ba2+, Cs+, or La3+, is (a) the largest? (b) the smallest? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardThe first ionization energy of helium is 2370kJmol1 , the highest for any element. (a) Define ionization energy and discuss why for helium it should be so high. (b) Which element would you expect to have the highest second ionization energy? Why? (c) Suppose that you wished to ionize some helium by shining electromagnetic radiation on it. What is the maximum wavelength you could use?arrow_forward(a) Rank elements: Na, Mg, Al, and K, in increasing order of: (i) atomic size; (ii) ionization energy, and (iii) reactivity. (b) Explain why atomic size decreases from left to right, but increases from top to bottom; (c) Explain why ionization energy increases from left to right, but decreases from top to bottom; (d) Explain why the reactivity of alkali metals (Group-1) increases from top to bottom, where as the reactivity of halogen (Group-17) decreases from top to bottom.arrow_forward
- 18. Nitrogen has a greater first ionization energy than phosphorus. What is the best evidence to support this observation? (A) Nitrogen has a greater effective nuclear charge. (B) A nitrogen atom is larger than a phosphorus atom. (C) The electron ionized from nitrogen is in a lower energy level closer to the nucleus. (D) The electron ionized from nitrogen is not from a valence energy level. 19. Caustic soda is 20 M NAOH and is diluted for household use. What is the household concentration if 10 mL of the concentrated solution is diluted to 500 mL? (A) 0.4 M NaOH (В) 400 M NaОН (C) 4 M NaOH (D) 20 M NaOH 20. A sample of 0.0255 mol potassium hydroxide (KOH) was dissolved in water to prepare 10.0 ml of solution. What is the molarity of the solution? (A) 0.4 M (В) 2.55 М (С) 0.25 М (D) 4 Marrow_forward(a) Why do successive IEs of a given element always increase? (b) When the difference between successive IEs of a given element is exceptionally large (for example, between IE1 and IE2 of K), what do we learn about its electron configuration? (c) The bars represent the relative magnitudes of the first five ionization energies of an atom: Identify the element and write its complete electron config uration, assuming it comes from (a) Period 2; (b) Period 3; (c) Period 4.arrow_forwardKnowing that atomic radius and ionization energy are two important properties of an atom that are periodic in nature. First, (i) define the term ionization energy. Then, (ii) state the directions along the periodic table (up, down, left, right) that a) atomic radius and b) ionization energy increase and (iii) explain the factors that lead to each of these trends.arrow_forward
- Which element would you expect to be more metallic?(a) Ca or Rb(b) Mg or Ra(c) Br or Iarrow_forward(a) The electronic configuration of a certain element known as element A, is 1s22s22p3. Write a balanced equation to represent the first (1st) ionization energy of element A. Use “A” as the symbol of the element. Include the physical states used. Either: Sketch and insert a graph showing the general form which you would expect for the seven ionization energies of element A, labelling the axes. Or Describe the graph that could be drawn, which should include the following: What is the label on the vertical axis of the graph, include units? What is the label on the horizontal axis of the graph? Describe the pattern expected in the graph Describe the shape of the amide ion (NH2-), using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory. State the bond angles and the shape of the amide ion. You may sketch and insert a suitable diagram to aid your description if you…arrow_forward(a) Describe the trends of atomic size and ionization energy, respectively, in the Periodic Table: (1) from left to right across a period, and (ii) from top to bottom down a group. (b) Rank the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, and K, in increasing order of: (i) atomic size; (ii) ionization energy, and (iii) reactivity. (c) Rank the following elements: F, CI, Br and I, in increasing order of: (i) atomic size; (ii) electron affinity, (iii) electronegativity, and (iv) reactivity.arrow_forward
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