Chapter 5, Problem 29P

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Ionization energy of electron in each peak is to be determined for sodium atom.

Concept introduction: The shell structure is confirmed by photoelectron spectroscopy or (PES). Photoelectron spectroscopy determines the energy level of each orbital by measuring the ionization energy required to remove each electron from the atom.

The formula for ionization energy is as follows:

  $\text{IE}=h{\nu }_{\text{photon}}-\frac{1}{2}{m}_e{v}_{\text{electron}}{}^2$

Where,

• $\text{IE}$ is ionization energy.
• $h$ is planks constant.
• ${\nu }_{\text{photon}}$ is frequency of photon.
• $m_e$ is mass of electron.
• $v_{\text{electron}}$ is frequency of electron.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Each peak should be assigned to an orbital of sodium atom.

Concept introduction: The shell structure is confirmed by photoelectron spectroscopy or (PES). Photoelectron spectroscopy determines the energy level of each orbital by measuring the ionization energy required to remove each electron from the atom.

The formula for ionization energy is as follows:

  $\text{IE}=h{\nu }_{\text{photon}}-\frac{1}{2}{m}_e{v}_{\text{electron}}{}^2$

Where,

• $\text{IE}$ is ionization energy.
• $h$ is planks constant.
• ${\nu }_{\text{photon}}$ is frequency of photon.
• $m_e$ is the mass of electron.
• $v_{\text{electron}}$ is the frequency of electron.