Physics For Scientists And Engineers With Modern Physics, 9th Edition, The Ohio State University
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781305372337
Author: Raymond A. Serway | John W. Jewett
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 45.4, Problem 45.4QQ
To determine
Which of the following values for A is suitable for the fission reaction.
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In the core of a star, hydrogen nuclei combine in fusion reactions. Once the hydrogen has been exhausted, fusion of helium nuclei can occur. If the star is sufficiently massive, fusion of heavier and heavier nuclei can occur once the helium is used up. Consider a fusion reaction involving two nuclei with the same value of A. For this reaction to be exothermic, which of the following values of A are impossible? (a) 12 (b) 20 (c) 28 (d) 64
Another series of nuclear reactions that can produce energy in the interior of stars is the carbon cycle first proposed by Hans Bethe in 1939, leading to his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967. This cycle is most efficient when the central temperature in a star is above 1.6 x 10^7 K. Because the temperature at the center of the Sun is only 1.5 x 10^7 K, the following cycle produces less than 10% of the Sun’s energy.
(a) A high-energy proton is absorbed by 12C. Another nucleus, A, is produced in the reaction, along with a gamma ray. Identify nucleus A.
(b) Nucleus A decays through positron emission to form nucleus B. Identify nucleus B.
(c) Nucleus B absorbs a proton to produce nucleus C and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus C.
(d) Nucleus C absorbs a proton to produce nucleus D and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus D.
(e) Nucleus D decays through positron emission to produce nucleus E. Identify nucleus E.
(f) Nucleus E absorbs a proton to produce nucleus F plus an alpha particle. Identify nucleus…
You are having a family holiday dinner with your extended family: grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. The conversation turns to your studies in physics, and you tell everyone about your studies about fusion reactions in the Sun. One of your nephews says, “Oh, yeah? I think the Sun is just a big ball of gasoline burning away. How can you prove that that isn’t true?” (a) Based on the fact that gasoline delivers about 1.3 x 10^8 J of energy for each gallon burned, perform a calculation that will show your nephew how long the Sun would last if it were made of gasoline. (b) Perform a calculation to show your nephew that nuclear fusion of all the hydrogen in the Sun could last a lot longer.
Chapter 45 Solutions
Physics For Scientists And Engineers With Modern Physics, 9th Edition, The Ohio State University
Ch. 45.1 - When a nucleus undergoes fission, the two daughter...Ch. 45.2 - Prob. 45.2QQCh. 45.3 - Prob. 45.3QQCh. 45.4 - Prob. 45.4QQCh. 45 - Prob. 1OQCh. 45 - Prob. 2OQCh. 45 - Prob. 3OQCh. 45 - Prob. 4OQCh. 45 - Prob. 5OQCh. 45 - Prob. 6OQ
Ch. 45 - Prob. 7OQCh. 45 - Prob. 8OQCh. 45 - Prob. 9OQCh. 45 - Prob. 1CQCh. 45 - Prob. 2CQCh. 45 - Prob. 3CQCh. 45 - Prob. 4CQCh. 45 - Prob. 5CQCh. 45 - Prob. 6CQCh. 45 - Prob. 7CQCh. 45 - Prob. 8CQCh. 45 - Prob. 1PCh. 45 - Prob. 2PCh. 45 - Prob. 3PCh. 45 - Prob. 4PCh. 45 - Prob. 5PCh. 45 - Prob. 6PCh. 45 - Prob. 7PCh. 45 - Prob. 8PCh. 45 - Prob. 9PCh. 45 - Prob. 10PCh. 45 - Prob. 11PCh. 45 - Prob. 12PCh. 45 - Prob. 13PCh. 45 - Prob. 14PCh. 45 - Prob. 15PCh. 45 - Prob. 16PCh. 45 - Prob. 18PCh. 45 - Prob. 19PCh. 45 - Prob. 20PCh. 45 - Prob. 21PCh. 45 - Prob. 22PCh. 45 - Prob. 23PCh. 45 - Prob. 24PCh. 45 - Prob. 25PCh. 45 - Prob. 26PCh. 45 - Prob. 27PCh. 45 - Prob. 28PCh. 45 - Prob. 29PCh. 45 - Prob. 30PCh. 45 - Prob. 31PCh. 45 - Prob. 32PCh. 45 - Prob. 33PCh. 45 - Prob. 34PCh. 45 - Prob. 35PCh. 45 - Prob. 36PCh. 45 - Prob. 37PCh. 45 - Prob. 41PCh. 45 - Prob. 42PCh. 45 - Prob. 43PCh. 45 - Prob. 44PCh. 45 - Prob. 45PCh. 45 - Prob. 46APCh. 45 - Prob. 47APCh. 45 - Prob. 48APCh. 45 - Prob. 49APCh. 45 - Prob. 51APCh. 45 - Prob. 52APCh. 45 - Prob. 53APCh. 45 - Prob. 54APCh. 45 - Prob. 55APCh. 45 - Prob. 56APCh. 45 - Prob. 57APCh. 45 - Prob. 58APCh. 45 - Prob. 59APCh. 45 - Prob. 60APCh. 45 - Prob. 61APCh. 45 - Prob. 62APCh. 45 - Prob. 63APCh. 45 - Prob. 64APCh. 45 - Prob. 65APCh. 45 - Prob. 66APCh. 45 - Prob. 67APCh. 45 - Prob. 68APCh. 45 - Prob. 69APCh. 45 - Prob. 70APCh. 45 - Prob. 71APCh. 45 - Prob. 72APCh. 45 - Prob. 73AP
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- 10. A nuclear reactor is 35% efficient and has a power output of 350 MW. If we consider all the fission reactions to give out the same energy, 2.78 x 1011 J how many moles of uranium-235 is needed each second by the power station? AA 5.975 x 105 B 5.935 x 105 C 5.835 x 105 D 5.739 x 105arrow_forwardFor a fusion reaction, at which temperature T do you expect the optimal reaction rate to approximately occur? In the expressions below EG is the Gamow energy of the reaction and k is the Boltzmann constant. Select one: O a. T O b. T: O c. T d. T = Oe. T - - = = EG 100k 10EG k EG 10k EG k 100 EG karrow_forwardAnother series of nuclear reactions that can produce energy in the interior of stars is the cycle described below. This cycle is most efficient when the central temperature in a star is above 1.6 × 107 K. Because the temperature at the center of the Sun is only 1.5 × 107 K, the following cycle produces less than 10% of the Sun’s energy. (a) A high-energy proton is absorbed by 12 C. Another nucleus, A , is produced in the reaction, along with a gamma ray. Identify nucleus A decays through positron emission to form nucleus B. (c) Nucleus B absorbs a proton to produce nucleus C and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus C absorbs a proton to produce nucleus D and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus D. (e) Nucleus D decays through positron emission to produce nucleus E. Identify nucleus E. (f) Nucleus E absorbs a proton to produce nucleus F plus an alpha particle. What is nucleus F ? Note: If nucleus F is not 12C—that is, the nucleus you started with—you have made an error and should review the sequence…arrow_forward
- a) Calculate the energy in joules released by the fusion of a 1.75 -kg mixture of deuterium and tritium, which produces helium. There are equal numbers of deuterium and tritium nuclei in the mixture. b) If this process takes place continuously over a period of a year, what is the average power output in units of megawatts?arrow_forwardThe fission process in a reactor is represented by the equation below: U235 + n1 = La148+ Br85 + 3n1. If the elements in the above equation have the following atomic mass units (a.m.u ): U235 =235.124, n1 =1.009 La148= 147.96 and Br85 = 84.938. Given that mass of 1 a.m.u =1.67 x 10 -27 kg and 1.619 x 10-19 J = eV. 235g of Uranium contains 6.03 x 1023 atoms. a.Calculate the mass of Uranium atom that will be converted into heat energy by the fission process. b. Calculate the total amount of energy in MeV released during the fission process c.Calculate the amount of energy in J that can be obtained from one kilogramme of Uranium during a fission processarrow_forwardAnother series of nuclear reactions that can produce energy in the interior of stars is the cycle described below. This cycle is most efficient when the central temperature in a star is above 1.6 x107 K. Because the temperature at the center of the Sun is only 1.5 x 107 K, the following cycle produces less than 10% of the Sun’s energy. (a) A high - energy proton is absorbed by 12C. Another nucleus, A, is produced in the reaction, along with a gamma ray. Identify nucleus A. (b) Nucleus A decays through positron emission to form nucleus B. Identify nucleus B. (c) Nucleus B absorbs a proton to produce nucleus C and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus C . (d) Nucleus C absorbs a proton to produce nucleus D and a gamma ray. Identify nucleus D. (e) Nucleus D decays through positron emission to produce nucleus E. Identify nucleus E. (f ) Nucleus E absorbs a proton to produce nucleus F plus an alpha particle. What is nucleus F? Note: If nucleus F is not 12C— that is, the nucleus you started with —…arrow_forward
- Consider two reactions: (a) Compute the Q values for these reactions. Identify whether each reaction is exothermic or endothermic. (b) Which reaction results in more released energy? Why? (c) Assuming the difference is primarily due to the work done by the electric force, calculate the distance between the two protons in helium - 3.arrow_forwardWhat is the Q-value for the reaction where the products are 0.005 0 u less than the reactants? (1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2)arrow_forwardIn order to have the fission reaction to start a nuclear reactor, you need to be able to produce as many neutrons needed in order to maintain the reaction stable during the time. If you have too few fissions, then there will be a lack of neutrons and this will turn off the reaction chain. If you have too many fissions, then there will be an excess of neutrons, and you will end up with a Chernobyl-like issue. This is called the criticality of the reactor. Hence, you need to compute the exact amount of fuel to put inside your reactor, in order to maintain the reaction chain. Such a calculus of criticality is very complex, and out of reach for this class. It is, however, possible to estimate it, with the Oklo reactor. The Oklo reactor is located near Franceville, in Gabon. It is the only natural nuclear reactor known so far. At some point in history, what would become the mining pit of Oklo was a place containing a lot of uranium and water, which acted as a moderator, hence allowing the…arrow_forward
- c) Sketch a diagram indicating the s-process path from 102 Ru to 109 Ag. Specify the type of each process (i.e. neutron capture, electron capture, beta decays) in the path.arrow_forwardOn absorption of a single neutron, plutonium Pu-239 can undergo fission into xenon Xe-134 plus zirconium Zr-103 plus three neutrons. The masses of these nuclei are, mpu-239 = 239.052 amu, mxe-134 = 133.905 amu, and mzr-103 = 102.927 amu. Calculate the energy given off in this nuclear reaction. Back Alt+Left arrowarrow_forwardCobalt-60 and iodine-131 are used in treatments for some types of cancer. Cobalt-60 decays with a half-life of 5.27 years, emitting beta particles with a maximum energy of 0.32 MeV. Iodine-131 decays with a half-life of8.04 days, emitting beta particles with a maximumenergy of 0.60 MeV.(a) Suppose a fixed small number of moles of each of these isotopes were to be ingested and remain in the body indefinitely. What is the ratio of the number of millisieverts of total lifetime radiation exposure that would be caused by the two radioisotopes?(b) Now suppose that the contact with each of these isotopes is for a fixed short period, such as 1 hour. What is the ratio of millisieverts of radiation exposure for the two in this case?arrow_forward
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