Biological Science (6th Edition)
Biological Science (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780321976499
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Emily Taylor, Greg Podgorski, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 45, Problem 5TYU
Summary Introduction

To review:

The significance of the data on sarcomere structure in inspiring the sliding-filament model and the reason why the observation that muscle cells contain many mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum is justified when the molecular mechanism of muscular contraction is understood.

Introduction:

The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction was proposed by Huxley and Hanson in 1954. The muscle fiber (cell) is made up of smaller units known as myofibrils. These are striated due to the presence of dark and light bands. A repeating unit between two Z lines is known as a sarcomere. The sarcomere shortens and lengthens as the muscles contract and relax, respectively.

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As mentioned in class, one additional major use of ATP in skeletal muscle (besides powering the myosin heads) is the recycling of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after depolarization. The resting concentration of Ca++ in the muscle cell cytoplasm is about 50-100 nM, and the spike concentration after depolarization is about 10-20 μΜ. a) Consider a single sarcomere. What is the number of free calcium ions within the sarcomere at rest? What is the number of free calcium ions after depolarization? b) The major ion pump responsible for calcium ion recycling is SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase). SERCA uses one molecule of ATP to pump two calcium ions, and the resting level can be restored in about 10-20 ms. How many molecules of ATP are used in a single sarcomere for pumping calcium in a single "twitch"? c) Assume that a single "twitch" is sufficient to drive one sarcomere from its fully extended length (about 2.5 µm) to its fully contracted length (about 1…
Describe the movement of myosin along an actin filament. Outline the primary molecular steps and explain how this process is used by cells. How many actin monomers within an actin filament would a myosin molecule need to ratchet in order to contract a cell by approximately 1 um? How fast could a non-muscle cell make this contraction compared to a muscle cell if the relative rates of myosin walks on F-actin are 4.5 um/sec and 0.04 um/sec for myosin II and I respectively?
Skeletal muscle cells undergo contractions based on a molecular mechanism involving: 1)the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other without any change in filament length  2) the shortening of actin filaments following direct interaction with myosin  3) dynamic instability of microtubules 4)none
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