Campbell Biology, Books a la Carte Plus Mastering Biology with eText -- Access Card Package (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780133922851
Author: Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 44, Problem 6TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: The different animal species excrete nitrogenous waste in different forms. The nitrogenous waste can be excreted in three different forms, namely ammonia, urea and uric acid.
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Why is ammonia not used as a nitrogenous waste compound in terrestrial animals?
a)Ammonia is highly toxic, and to minimize that toxicity it must be excreted in large volumes of water.
b)Urea and uric acid both have more nitrogen atoms than ammonia, making them more efficient at
c)Ammonia is used by reptiles and birds, because it is less toxic to developing embryos than urea.
d)Ammonia has more free energy than urea, so ammonia waste is converted to urea to capture some of that free energy.
A drug which prevents uric acid synthesis
by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine
oxidase is
(A) Aspirin
(C) Colchicine
(B) Allopurinol
(D) Probenecid
In which of the following processes does theentropy increase? In each case, explain why it does or does notincrease.(a) A bottle of ammonia is opened. The odor of ammonia is soonapparent throughout the room.(b) Sodium chloride dissolves in water.(c) A protein is completely hydrolyzed to the component aminoacids.
Chapter 44 Solutions
Campbell Biology, Books a la Carte Plus Mastering Biology with eText -- Access Card Package (10th Edition)
Ch. 44.1 - The movement of salt from the surrounding water to...Ch. 44.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.1 - WHAT IF? Researchers found that a camel in the...Ch. 44.2 - What advantage does uric acid offer as a...Ch. 44.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 44.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.3 - Where and how does filtrate originate in the...Ch. 44.3 - Prob. 4CCCh. 44.4 - What do the number and length of nephrons in a...
Ch. 44.4 - Many medications make the epithelium of the...Ch. 44.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44.5 - How does alcohol affect regulation of water...Ch. 44.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44 - Prob. 44.1CRCh. 44 - DRAW IT Construct a table summarizing the three...Ch. 44 - Prob. 44.3CRCh. 44 - Prob. 44.4CRCh. 44 - Why can only some patients with diabetes insipidus...Ch. 44 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 44 - The high osmolality of the renal medulla is...Ch. 44 - In which of the following species should natural...Ch. 44 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 44 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY You are exploring kidney...Ch. 44 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 44 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE The marine iguana...
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- The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that A)urea can be exchanged for Na+. B)less nitrogen is removed from the body. C)urea elimination does not affect the osmolar gradient. D)urea requires less water for excretion than ammonia. E)urea is more toxic than ammonia so the animal can get rid of toxic substances easier.arrow_forwardWhy would lipoid acid deficiency lead to metabolic acidosis in a human?arrow_forwardWhy do mammals convert ammonia to urea rather than simply excreting it, as fish do?arrow_forward
- The body's cells are very sensitive to changes in the hydrogen ion concentration and to keep the pH constant in the body fluid, there are 3 different regulatory mechanisms. Which of the following mechanisms does not count as a regulatory mechanism? a) Buffer system b) Lung compensation c) Gastric acid secretion d) Kidney compensationarrow_forwardRenal tubule cells acidify the urine and parietal cells acidify the stomach contents. In each case (a) which intracellular enzyme is key, and (b) blood concentration of which ion increases?arrow_forwardRenal Physiology (humans) a) When blood pressure declines, granular cells produce renin, an enzyme that enters the circulatory system and cleaves angiotensinogen. b) Aldosterone acts on cells of the collecting duct to cause both sodium reabsorption into blood and potassium secretion into urine. c) The production of excess aldosterone by an adrenal tumor would indirectly lead to the hyperpolarization of excitable cardiac cells. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correctarrow_forward
- Name.... Date... 1) What types of major classes or organic molecules, when metabolized, will produce nitrogen waste? 2) What is the MAIN nitrogen elimination molecule that humans use to dispose their nitrogen waste via urine? 3) In a nephron, what is the function of the Bowman's capsule (glomerular capsule)? 4) Can the urinary system help balancing blood pH homeostasis? Explain how? 5) Identify the organ in this histological preparationarrow_forwardA. Maintenance of fluid balance is important for the survival of humans. How does antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone contributes to the maintenance of fluid balance?(ii) High blood pressure can result from increased sodium concentration of plasma. What is the main hormone involved in regulation of sodium and how does it affect the sodium content of blood?(iii) Compare intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid in terms of their chemical composition of proteins, sodium and potassium.(b) Explain the morphological changes that will occur and the driving force when red blood cells are place in (i) 2.0 % sodium chloride solution (ii) 0.9 % sodium chloride solution (iii) 0.01 % sodium chloride solution 1. What are the 4 causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage? 2. State the factors involved in congenital berry or saccular aneurysm 3. Mention 5 specific brain tumors that you know. 4. What is dura mater, arachnoid matter and pia matter? 5. What is meningioma 6. What is acute subdural hematoma 7.…arrow_forwardIn the management of DKA, why would potassium be added to the maintenance fluids even if potassium levels are normal or high? Question 66 options: a) Potassium shifts from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid when acidosis corrects b) Insulin promotes renal potassium loss c) Osmotic diuresis may continue to deplete extracellular fluid potassium levels d) Maintenance fluids will dilute potassium levels in the extracellular fluidarrow_forward
- The kidneys play a vital role in the proper functioning of the body. Urine and blood samples can both reflect the health of a person and indicate problems associated with kidney function. (a) Suppose that a person has damaged the B-cells in the islets of Langerhans resulting in Diabetes. Predict how this damage would affect urine production. What nutrient test, could be used as an indicator of this disease. Explain. (b) Consider the ramifications faced if the mitochondria in the proximal tubules stopped functioning. Evaluate the changes to urine output expected in an individual suffering from low functioning mitochondria in the proximal tubule. Be detailed in your response and include appropriate terminology.arrow_forward1) The major function of high density lipoprotein (HDL) is to, choose all correct answers. (A) bind high density lipoprotein (HDL). (B) transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues. (C) serve as a precursor for cholesterol biosynthesis. (D) transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver. (E) serve as a site for the esterification of cholesterol. 2). Individual with the genetic disease of Familial hypercholesterolemia have higher levels of cholesterol in the blood, which of the following could cause this disease: (A) deregulated biosynthesis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors (B) high dietary cholesterol (C) plaque formation in the arteries. (D) high cholesterol biosynthesis in liver tissue. (E) deregulated biosynthesis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 3) The enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase utilizes ____ as its substrate. A). ATP B). ADP C). AMP D). PPi E). phosphatearrow_forwarda) What is the role of the lysosome in degrading proteins? What are the enzymes that degrade/hydrolyze proteins? How does the further degradation of amino acids occur?b) Explain the urea cycle and summarize the steps of the urea cycle starting from carbamoyl phosphate.arrow_forward
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