Chapter 4.13, Problem 3MQ

Summary Introduction

The presence of protein complexes on the bacterial cell membrane to secrete bacterial substances is known as bacterial secretion systems. Gram-negative bacteria use secretion systems (types I to VI) to insert substances or effector molecules (proteins, toxins, or enzymes) into their outer membranes or secrete substances outside of the cell. Type I to VI secretion systems in gram-negative bacteria facilitate various biological activities such as symbiotic interactions, extracellular enzyme secretion, biofilm formation, release of antibiotics, DNA transfer, and transfer of protein molecules into host cells.