Chapter 4, Problem 4.14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Benzene $\left({\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_6\right)$ is soluble in water or not is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A solution is a combination of two parts: solute and solvent. A solute is the substance that is present in small quantity and solvent is the substance in which solute is dissolved. When water acts as a solvent then it is known as an aqueous solution.

A compound is soluble in water when the forces between the ions or atoms of the compound and ions of water molecules are greater than forces between the ions or atoms themselves in a compound. Ionic and polar covalent compounds are soluble in water.

In an ionic compound, the ions get separates in the water and form cations and anions. The positive end of water is attracted towards the anions and the negative end of water is attracted towards the cations. The ions get hydrated and the compound dissolves.

In polar covalent compounds, the atoms get polarized in the water molecule and become partially positive charged and partially negative charged. The positive end of water is attracted towards the partially negative charged atom and the negative end of water is attracted towards the partially positive charged. The atoms get hydrated and the compound dissolves.

In non-polar covalent compounds, there is no electronegativity difference between the atoms so there will be no polarization of the compound. Therefore, these compounds will interact less with water and are insoluble in water.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Sodium hydroxide is soluble in water or not is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A solution is a combination of two parts: solute and solvent. A solute is the substance that is present in small quantity and solvent is the substance in which solute is dissolved. When water acts as a solvent then it is known as an aqueous solution.

A compound is soluble in water when the forces between the ions or atoms of the compound and ions of water molecules are greater than forces between the ions or atoms themselves in a compound. Ionic and polar covalent compounds are soluble in water.

In an ionic compound, the ions get separates in the water and form cations and anions. The positive end of water is attracted towards the anions and the negative end of water is attracted towards the cations. The ions get hydrated and the compound dissolves.

In polar covalent compounds, the atoms get polarized in the water molecule and become partially positive charged and partially negative charged. The positive end of water is attracted towards the partially negative charged atom and the negative end of water is attracted towards the partially positive charged. The atoms get hydrated and the compound dissolves.

In non-polar covalent compounds, there is no electronegativity difference between the atoms so there will be no polarization of the compound. Therefore, these compounds will interact less with water and are insoluble in water.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Ethanol $\left({\text{CH}}_3{\text{CH}}_2\text{OH}\right)$ is soluble in water or not is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A solution is a combination of two parts: solute and solvent. A solute is the substance that is present in small quantity and solvent is the substance in which solute is dissolved. When water acts as a solvent then it is known as an aqueous solution.

A compound is soluble in water when the forces between the ions or atoms of the compound and ions of water molecules are greater than forces between the ions or atoms themselves in a compound. Ionic and polar covalent compounds are soluble in water.

In an ionic compound, the ions get separates in the water and form cations and anions. The positive end of water is attracted towards the anions and the negative end of water is attracted towards the cations. The ions get hydrated and the compound dissolves.

In polar covalent compounds, the atoms get polarized in the water molecule and become partially positive charged and partially negative charged. The positive end of water is attracted towards the partially negative charged atom and the negative end of water is attracted towards the partially positive charged. The atoms get hydrated and the compound dissolves.

In non-polar covalent compounds, there is no electronegativity difference between the atoms so there will be no polarization of the compound. Therefore, these compounds will interact less with water and are insoluble in water.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Potassium acetate is soluble in water or not is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A solution is a combination of two parts: solute and solvent. A solute is the substance that is present in small quantity and solvent is the substance in which solute is dissolved. When water acts as a solvent then it is known as an aqueous solution.

A compound is soluble in water when the forces between the ions or atoms of the compound and ions of water molecules are greater than forces between the ions or atoms themselves in a compound. Ionic and polar covalent compounds are soluble in water.

In an ionic compound, the ions get separates in the water and form cations and anions. The positive end of water is attracted towards the anions and the negative end of water is attracted towards the cations. The ions get hydrated and the compound dissolves.

In polar covalent compounds, the atoms get polarized in the water molecule and become partially positive charged and partially negative charged. The positive end of water is attracted towards the partially negative charged atom and the negative end of water is attracted towards the partially positive charged. The atoms get hydrated and the compound dissolves.

In non-polar covalent compounds, there is no electronegativity difference between the atoms so there will be no polarization of the compound. Therefore, these compounds will interact less with water and are insoluble in water.