Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (MindTap Course List)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781305117396
Author: Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 4, Problem 2DID
Summary Introduction
To determine: The number of enzymes which functions optimally at a pH lower than 5 and how many retains significant function at pH 5.
Concept introduction: Enzymes are protein molecules that enhance the
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 4 - Figure 4.5 Energy inputs and outputs in chemical...Ch. 4 - Figure 4.10 Enzymes, temperature, and pH. Each...Ch. 4 - Prob. 3FIOCh. 4 - Prob. 4FIOCh. 4 - The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 2DIDCh. 4 - Prob. 3DIDCh. 4 - Prob. 1SQCh. 4 - Prob. 2SQCh. 4 - Prob. 3SQ
Ch. 4 - Prob. 4SQCh. 4 - Prob. 5SQCh. 4 - Prob. 6SQCh. 4 - Prob. 7SQCh. 4 - Prob. 8SQCh. 4 - Ions or molecules tend to diffuse from a region...Ch. 4 - Prob. 10SQCh. 4 - Prob. 11SQCh. 4 - Prob. 12SQCh. 4 - A transport protein requires ATP to pump sodium...Ch. 4 - Prob. 14SQCh. 4 - Prob. 15SQCh. 4 - Prob. 1CTCh. 4 - Water molecules tend to diffuse in response to...Ch. 4 - Dixie Bee wanted to make JELL-O shots for her next...Ch. 4 - The enzyme trypsin is sold as a dietary enzyme...Ch. 4 - Prob. 5CT
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- The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main component of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside an abandoned California copper mine (Figure 4.11A). F. acidarmanus cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with ironsulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. This reaction dissolves the minerals, so groundwater that seeps into the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. Despite living in an environment with a composition similar to hot battery acid, F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroplasma metabolic enzymes were surprised to discover that most of the cells enzymes function best at very low pH (Figure 4.11B). A. Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this photo, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. Slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea, Ferroplasma acidarmanus. B. pH profiles of four enzymes isolated from F. acidarmus. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells cytoplasmic pH (5.0). What does the dashed line signify?arrow_forwardWhile bacteria can meet their nutrient needs and survive on acetic acid as a sole carbon source, human beings cannot. Provide a plausible explanation for this limitation in human beings.arrow_forwardDuring aerobic respiration in eukaryotes, which substrate molecules provide the oxygen atoms that end up in product water molecules? H2S molecules only H2O and C6H12O6 molecules only CO2 molecules only C6H12O6 and CO2 molecules only O2 molecules onlyarrow_forward
- Autotrophs harvest energy directly from the environment and store it in the form of sugars and other carbohydrate. They and all other organisms use energy stored in sugars to power various endergonic reactions that sustain life. Identify the two cellular process responsible for products described in the figure. Explain the role of each product listed in the processes. A prolonged drought with record-breaking temperatures occurs in the Pacific Northwest. Predict the impact on the cellular processes described in the figure. Justify your response.arrow_forwardA microbe lives solely on acetate. It has an Electron Transport Chain driven by oxygen that has two hydrogen pumps and both NADH and FADH deliver their hydrogens (and electrons) to the first pump hence each generates 2 ATP. How many ATP are generated per acetate molecule?arrow_forwardSome friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast (which is a facultative anaerobe - it can perform both aerobic respiration and fermentation) to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen the mixture needs less sugar, because high sugar concentrations prevent fermentation the mixture needs more sugar, because yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol the yeast used the alcohol as a carbon source the mixture needs more oxygen, because yeast need oxygen to break down sugar and get enough energy to produce alcoholarrow_forward
- Please also give example of the bacteriaarrow_forwardOrganisms ATP NADH NADPH FADH2 Ethanol 1 20 100 0 0 50 2 350 400 0 100 1 3 500 410 200 100 1 Three organisms were tested biochemically for their production of energy, and various compounds were measured in each organism. The amounts found are shown in relative units. Based on this data, identify what kind of oganisms each is and why.arrow_forwardMany plastic materials are organic polymers that contain carbon and hydrogen. The oxidation of these plastics in air to form carbon dioxide and water is a spontaneous process; however, plastic materials tend to persist in the environment. Explain.arrow_forward
- Trypanosoma brucei is a parasitic protozoan that causessleeping sickness in humans, Transmitted by the tsetse fly,sleeping sickness is a fatal disease characterized by fever,anemia, inflammation, lethargy, headache, and convulsions.When trypanosomes are present in the human bloodstream,they depend on glycolysis entirely for energy generation.The first seven glycolytic enzymes in these organisms arelocalized in peroxisome-like organelles called glycosomes,which are only regulated weakly by allosteric regulatormolecules. Glycosomes take up glucose and export glycerate3-phosphate. There are two pools of ADP and ATP(cytoplasmic and glycosomal), and the glycosomal membrane is impermeable to both nucleotides as well as mostother glycolytic intermediates. If the glycosomal membraneis compromised, the concentration of phosphoylated glycolytic intermediates rises and the cells die. Explain.arrow_forwardMatch the following characteristics to either (a) autotrophsor (b) chemoheterotrophs:Many microorganisms in this group are infectious.Many microorganisms in this group can carry out pho-tosynthesis.Members of this group usually do not cause disease.Members of this group carry out the same metabolicprocesses as humans.Members of this group break down organic compoundsto obtain energy.Members of this group synthesize organic compoundsto store energy.arrow_forwardFigure 7.11 Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an "uncoupler" that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane "leaky" to protons. It was used until 1938 as a weight- loss drug. What effect would you expect DNP to have on the change in pH across the inner mitochondrial membrane? Why do you think this might be an effective weight-loss drug? Intermembrane space Mitochondrial matrix ATP Synthase ADP Inner mitochondrial membrane ATP Figure 7.11 ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses a proton (H) gradient to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). (Credit: modification of work by Klaus Hoffmeier)arrow_forward
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