Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781118516461
Author: Neil D. Jespersen, Alison Hyslop
Publisher: WILEY
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Chapter 4, Problem 15RQ
How did Arrhenius define an acid and a base?
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Complete the mechanism for the E1 reaction below by following the directions written above each of the five boxes. Be sure to include lone pair
electrons and nonzero formal charges.
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1 Provide the missing curved arrow notation.
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Heating an alcohol in the presence of sulfuric or phosphoric acid will cause a dehydration to occur: the removal of the elements of water from a
molecule, forming an alkene. The reaction usually follows an E1 mechanism. The SN1 pathway is suppressed by using a strong acid whose conjugate
base is a poor nucleophile. Further, heating the reaction mixture causes a greater increase in the rate of E1 compared to the rate of Sy1.
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Draw curved arrow(s) to show how the alcohol reacts with phosphoric acid.
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Draw the major organic product with the correct geometry.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter
Ch. 4 - Prob. 1PECh. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.2
Write equations that show...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.3 When solutions of (NH4)2SO4...Ch. 4 - Write molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.5
Propanoic acid, , is only...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.6
Nitric acid, , is a strong...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7PECh. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.8 Ethylamine, a base in water,...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.9
Citric acid is the acid in...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.10
Hydrogen sulfide is...
Ch. 4 - Name the aqueous solutions of the following acids:...Ch. 4 - Using the colors of the atoms to identify the...Ch. 4 - Show that, in aqueous solutions, there is a net...Ch. 4 - Predict what occurs on mixing the following...Ch. 4 - Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic...Ch. 4 - Write molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations...Ch. 4 - Write molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations...Ch. 4 - Prob. 18PECh. 4 - Write molecular equations for the stepwise...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.20
Knowing char salts of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 21PECh. 4 - Prob. 22PECh. 4 - Prob. 23PECh. 4 - Prob. 24PECh. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.25 What is the molarity of a...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.26
If a reaction requires...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.27 A student measured 175 mL...Ch. 4 - Suppose you wanted to prepare 50 mL of...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.29
How many grams of are...Ch. 4 - Prob. 30PECh. 4 - Prob. 31PECh. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.32
How many milliliters of...Ch. 4 - How many milliliters of 0.0475MH3PO4 could be...Ch. 4 - Prob. 34PECh. 4 - Prob. 35PECh. 4 - In a solution of Na3PO4, the PO43 concentration...Ch. 4 - Suppose 18.4 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3 solution was...Ch. 4 - How many milliliters of 0.500 M KOH are needed to...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.39
A solution containing was...Ch. 4 - When 35.00 mL of Na2CO3 was reacted with 29.06 mL...Ch. 4 - In a titration, a sample of H2SO4 solution having...Ch. 4 - Practice Exercise 4.42
“Stomach acid” is a...Ch. 4 - A sample of a mixture containing CaCl2andMgCl2...Ch. 4 - Define: (a) solvent, (b) solute, (c)...Ch. 4 - 4.2 Describe: (a) concentrated, (b) dilute, (c)...Ch. 4 - Why are chemical reactions often carried out using...Ch. 4 - Describe what will happen if a crystal of sugar is...Ch. 4 - What is the meaning of the term precipitate? What...Ch. 4 - 4.6 Explain how a solution can be called...Ch. 4 - Why is an electrolyte able to conduct electricity...Ch. 4 - Which compounds are likely to be electrolytes and...Ch. 4 - What does it mean when we say that an ion is...Ch. 4 - Define dissociation as it applies to ionic...Ch. 4 - How can you tell that the following is a net ionic...Ch. 4 - What two conditions must be fulfilled by a...Ch. 4 - 4.13 Give two general properties of an acid. Give...Ch. 4 - 4.14 If you believed a solution was basic, which...Ch. 4 - How did Arrhenius define an acid and a base?Ch. 4 - How does ionization differ from dissociation?Ch. 4 - Which of the following undergo dissociation in...Ch. 4 - 4.18 Which of the following oxides would yield an...Ch. 4 - 4.19 What is a dynamic equilibrium? Using acetic...Ch. 4 - 4.20 Why don’t we use double arrows in the...Ch. 4 - Which of the following are strong acids?...Ch. 4 - 4.22 Which are classified as strong bases when...Ch. 4 - Methylamine, CH3NH2, reacts with hydronium ions in...Ch. 4 - A student was asked to draw the structure of the...Ch. 4 - Would the molecule shown below be acidic or basic...Ch. 4 - Explain the difference between the names of...Ch. 4 - Iodine, like chlorine, forms four oxoacids and one...Ch. 4 - Prob. 28RQCh. 4 - Explain how the two acid salts of phosphoric acids...Ch. 4 - What factors lead to the existence of a net ionic...Ch. 4 - Explain the three processes that can drive an...Ch. 4 - Silver bromide is insoluble. What does this mean...Ch. 4 - What gas is formed if HC1 is added t...Ch. 4 - What is the definition of molarity? Show that the...Ch. 4 - A solution is labeled 0.25MHCl. Construct two...Ch. 4 - When the units molarity and liter are multiplied,...Ch. 4 - 4.37 When a solution labeled is diluted with...Ch. 4 - Two bottles, A and B, are labeled...Ch. 4 - Prob. 39RQCh. 4 - Prob. 40RQCh. 4 - Describe each of the following: (a) buret, (b)...Ch. 4 - What is the function of an indicator in a...Ch. 4 - 4.43 Classify each of the following as a strong...Ch. 4 - Classify each of the following as a strong...Ch. 4 - Write equations for the dissociation of the...Ch. 4 - Write equations for the dissociation of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 47RQCh. 4 - Prob. 48RQCh. 4 - The following equation shows the formation of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 50RQCh. 4 - Pure HClO4 is a molecular substance. In water it...Ch. 4 - Prob. 52RQCh. 4 - Pure HI is a gas at room temperature and reacts...Ch. 4 - When chloric acid reacts with water, it reacts as...Ch. 4 - Hydrazine is a toxic substance that can form when...Ch. 4 - Pyridine. C5H5N, is a fishy-smelling compound used...Ch. 4 - Nitrous acid, HNO2, is a weak acid that can form...Ch. 4 - Pentanoic acid, HC5H9O2, is found in a plant...Ch. 4 - Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in raindrops,...Ch. 4 - Arsenic acid, H3AsO4, is a very toxic weak acid....Ch. 4 - 4.61 Name these acids: (a) , (b) .
Ch. 4 - 4.62 Name these acids: (a) , (b) .
Ch. 4 - Name these acids that bromine forms,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 64RQCh. 4 - For the acids in Problem 4.63, name the ions...Ch. 4 - For the acids in Problem 4.64, name the ions...Ch. 4 - Prob. 67RQCh. 4 - Write the formula for (a) permanganic acid, (b)...Ch. 4 - Name the following acid salts:...Ch. 4 - Name the following acid salts:...Ch. 4 - 4.71 Name the following oxoacids and give the...Ch. 4 - Name the following oxoacids and give the names and...Ch. 4 - Prob. 73RQCh. 4 - Prob. 74RQCh. 4 - Prob. 75RQCh. 4 - Oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is the poison in rhubarb...Ch. 4 - Prob. 77RQCh. 4 - Potassium stearate, KC18H36O2, is an effective...Ch. 4 - Use the solubility rules to decide which compounds...Ch. 4 - Predict which compounds are soluble in water. (a)...Ch. 4 - 4.81 Complete and balance the following molecular...Ch. 4 - Complete and balance the following molecular...Ch. 4 - Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic...Ch. 4 - 4.84 Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic...Ch. 4 - 4.85 Aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide and...Ch. 4 - If an aqueous solution of iron(III) sulfate (a...Ch. 4 - Complete and balance the following equations. For...Ch. 4 - Complete and balance the following equations. For...Ch. 4 - How would the electrical conductivity of a...Ch. 4 - How would the electrical conductivity of a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 91RQCh. 4 - Prob. 92RQCh. 4 - Sodium sulfide and hydrochloric acid react to form...Ch. 4 - Write the balanced molecular and net ionic...Ch. 4 - Explain why the following reactions take place....Ch. 4 - Prob. 96RQCh. 4 - Complete and balance the molecular, ionic, and net...Ch. 4 - 4.98 Complete and balance the molecular, ionic,...Ch. 4 - Write balanced molecular, ionic, and net ionic...Ch. 4 - 4.100 Write balanced molecular, ionic, and net...Ch. 4 - Choose reactants that would yield the following...Ch. 4 - Suppose that you wanted to prepare copper(II)...Ch. 4 - Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by...Ch. 4 - 4.104 Calculate the molarity of a solution that...Ch. 4 - Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by...Ch. 4 - Calculate the molarity of a solution that contains...Ch. 4 - 4.107 How many milliliters of 0.265 M are needed...Ch. 4 - Prob. 108RQCh. 4 - Calculate the number of grams of each solute that...Ch. 4 - How many grams of solute are needed to make each...Ch. 4 - If 25.0 mL of 0.56 M H2SO4 is diluted to a volume...Ch. 4 - A 150 mL sample of 0.450 M HNO3 is diluted to 450...Ch. 4 - 4.113 To what volume must 25.0 mL of 18.0 be...Ch. 4 - To what volume must 50.0 mL of 1.50 MHCl be...Ch. 4 - How many milliliters of water must he added to...Ch. 4 - How many milliliters of water must be added to...Ch. 4 - 4.117 Calculate the number of moles of each of the...Ch. 4 - Calculate the number of moles of each of the ions...Ch. 4 - 4.119 Calculate the concentrations of each of the...Ch. 4 - Calculate the concentrations of each of the ions...Ch. 4 - In a solution of A12(SO4)3theAl3+ concentration is...Ch. 4 - 4.122 In a solution of concentration is 0.0556 M....Ch. 4 - How many milliliters of 0.258 M NiCl2 solution are...Ch. 4 - How many milliliters of 0.100 M NaOH are needed to...Ch. 4 - What is the molarity of an aqueous solution of...Ch. 4 - What is the molarity of an aqueous phosphoric acid...Ch. 4 - Prob. 127RQCh. 4 - 4.128 How many grams of baking soda, , are needed...Ch. 4 - How many milliliters of 0.150MFeCl3 solution are...Ch. 4 - 4.130 How many grams of cobalt(II) chloride are...Ch. 4 - Consider the reaction of aluminum chloride with...Ch. 4 - How many milliliters of ammonium sulfate solution...Ch. 4 - Suppose that 4.00 g of solid Fe2O3 is added to...Ch. 4 - Suppose 3.50 g of solid Mg(OH)2 is added to 30.0...Ch. 4 - In a titration, 23.25 mL of 0.105 M NaOH was...Ch. 4 - A 12.5 mL sample of vinegar, containing acetic...Ch. 4 - 4.137 Lactic acid, , is a monoprotic acid that...Ch. 4 - 4.138 Oxalic acid, a diprotic acid having the...Ch. 4 - A certain lead ore contains the compound PbCO3. A...Ch. 4 - An ore of barium contains BaCO3. A 1.542 g sample...Ch. 4 - If a solution of sodium phosphate (also known as...Ch. 4 - Prob. 142RQCh. 4 - Suppose that 25.0 mL of 0.440MNaCl is added to...Ch. 4 - A mixture is prepared by adding 25.0 mL of 0.185 M...Ch. 4 - Classify each of the following as a strong...Ch. 4 - Aspirin is a monoprotic acid called...Ch. 4 - In an experiment, 40.0 mL of 0.270 M barium...Ch. 4 - 4.148 How many milliliters of 0.10MHCl must be...Ch. 4 - 4.149 Write an equation for the reaction of sodium...Ch. 4 - *4.150 Magnesium sulfate forms a hydrate known as...Ch. 4 - Qualitative analysis of an unknown acid found only...Ch. 4 - *4.152 A mixture was known to contain both . To...Ch. 4 - *4.153 A 25.0 mL sample of vinegar with a density...Ch. 4 - Prob. 154RQCh. 4 - 4.155 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of...Ch. 4 - What kinds of experiments could you perform to...Ch. 4 - Describe experiments, both qualitative and...Ch. 4 - How could you check the accuracy of a 100 mL...Ch. 4 - A white substance was known to be either magnesium...Ch. 4 - A steel cylinder with a diameter of 10.0 cm and a...Ch. 4 - Suppose a classmate doubted that an equilibrium...Ch. 4 - When Arrhenius originally proposed that ions exist...Ch. 4 - Carbon dioxide is one obvious contributor to...
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