Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408332
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 39, Problem 4CT
Cholera is a disease caused by bacteria that make cholera toxin. In the presence of this toxin, chloride ion channels in cells of the small intestine lining are stuck in their open position. As a result, an excess of chloride ions (Cl−) flows from these cells into the lumen of the small intestine. Movement of Cl− creates a charge gradient, so sodium ions (Na+) also flow into the lumen. Explain why the movement of these ions into the lumen results in the life-threatening diarrhea that characterizes cholera.
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Movement of glucose from one side to the other side of the intestinal epithelium is a major example of transcellular transport. How does the Na+/K+ ATPase power the process? Why are tight junctions essential for the process? Why is localization of the transporters specifically in the apicalor basolateral membrane crucial for transcellular transport? Rehydration supplements such as sport drinks include a sugar and a salt. Why are both important to rehydration?
Which is a correct statement about the Na+/K+ transporter (pump), and its cytology and cellular role?
It is found the basal side of intestinal epithelial cells, pumping Na+ out of the cell into the blood.
It is found on the plasma membrane of neurons, pumping Na+ into axons from the blood.
It is found on the membrane of the lysosome, pumping K+ into the lumen of the lysosome.
It is found on the apical side of intestinal epithelia, pumping K+ into the lumen of the intestine.
The diagram below depicts an intestinal epithelial cell, as well as the relative concentrations of a number of different solutes. Sodium (Na+) ions within epithelial cells have a low concentration relative to that in the lumen and lamina propria, while chloride (Cl-) and potassium ions (K+), as well as glucose, have a relatively high concentration within the cell.
Which of the following requires active transport? (select two answers)
transport of K+ and Cl- from the cytosol to the lamina propria
transport of glucose from the intestinal lumen to the cytosol
transport of Cl- from the cytosol to the intestinal lumen
transport of Na+ from the lamina propria to the cytosol
transport of K+ from the lamina propria to the cytosol
Chapter 39 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 39 - Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1...Ch. 39 - Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1...Ch. 39 - Human Adaptation to a Starchy Diet The human AMY-1...Ch. 39 - Prob. 1SQCh. 39 - Prob. 2SQCh. 39 - Prob. 3SQCh. 39 - A bird's keratin-lined _______ helps it grind up...Ch. 39 - Prob. 5SQCh. 39 - Prob. 6SQCh. 39 - The low pH of the _______ aids in protein...
Ch. 39 - Prob. 8SQCh. 39 - Prob. 9SQCh. 39 - Eating a healthy diet entirely of plant foods...Ch. 39 - Prob. 11SQCh. 39 - Prob. 12SQCh. 39 - Prob. 13SQCh. 39 - Match each substance with its description. _____...Ch. 39 - Match each organ with its digestive function in...Ch. 39 - Some people who have gallstones experience pain...Ch. 39 - A python can survive by eating a large meal once...Ch. 39 - Although rabbits cannot break cellulose down into...Ch. 39 - Cholera is a disease caused by bacteria that make...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Digestion of proteins in the acidic environment of the stomach is carried out by the enzyme pepsin. A different enzyme, called trypsin, digests proteins in the neutral environment of our small intestine. The amount of each enzyme are the same and the amount of substrate is the same between the stomach and small intestine. Explain why our bodies use two different enzymes to digest proteins in the stomach and the small intestine.arrow_forwardWhen William H. was helping victims after a devastating earthquake in a region not prepared to swiftly set up adequate temporary shelter, he developed severe diarrhea. He was diagnosed as having cholera, a disease transmitted through unsanitary water supplies contaminated by fecal material from infected indiv iduals. The toxin produced by cholera bacteria causes Cl- channels in the lurninal membranes of the intestinal cells to stay open, thereby increasing the secretion of Cl- from the cells into the intestinal tract lumen. By what mechanisms would Na+ and water be secreted into the lumen in conjunction with Cl- secretion? How does this secretory response account for the severe diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera?arrow_forwardTransport of glucose across the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and into the vascular system requires which of the following conditions to occur? Select one: a. Sodium concentration on the inside of the epithelial cell is equal to that outside the basolateral membrane b. Sodium concentration is higher on the inside of the epithelial cell than on the outside of the basolateral membrane c. Sodium concentration inside the epithelial cell is lower than sodium concentration in the intestinal lumen d. Sodium concentration inside the epithelial cell is higher than that sodium concentration in the intestinal lumenarrow_forward
- If a mutation in a sodium channel in an Intestinal epithelial cell caused a marked decrease In the concentration gradient of sodium across the plasma membrane, which of the following would you expect to observe? a decrease in Na/K ATPase activity. an increase in the movement of glucose across the basolateral membrane to the extracellular space an increase in sodium/glucose co-transport into the cell across the apical membrane a decrease in cytoplasmic glucose concentrationarrow_forwardSome of the intestinal epithelial cells, called goblet cells, contain small globules of mucus. Why are there cells in the small intestine that produce mucus?arrow_forwardA general principle of physiology is that structure is a determinant of—and has coevolved with—function. One example highlighted in this chapter is the large surface area provided by the villous and microvillous structure of the cells lining the small intestinearrow_forward
- The smooth muscle cells are arranged in two different ways in intestinal wall. Explain the significance of two different arrangements of smooth muscle cells in intestinal wall i.e. how these arrangements relate to the function.arrow_forwardWhy is it necessary for enzymes that digest protein to be secreted in an inactive form?arrow_forwardThe stomach has two types of exocrine cells, chief cell which secrete an inactive form of the protein degesting enzymes pepsinogen, and parietal cells , which secrete hydrochloric acid that activates pepsinogen.Both cell types have an abundance of mitochondria ATP production.The chief cells need energy to synthesise pepsinogen and parietal cells need energy to transport hydrogen ions and chloride ions from the blood into the stomach lumen.Only one of this cell types has an extensive roung endoplasmic and abandant Golgi stacks. Would this be the chief cells or parietal cells?why?arrow_forward
- The movement of amino acids across simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine in tube the blood represents what?arrow_forwardIn the stomach, parietal cells are responsible for the formation of the gastric juice. During acid secretion, the pH in the stomach is estimated to be pH = 2, whereas parietal cells maintain an intracellular pH =7.35. The transmembrane potential of parietal cells is typically -70 mV. Body temperature 37°C. 1) Calculate the proton gradient concentration across the parietal membrane 2) Calculate the free energy change associated with the secretion of 1 mole of H* 3) Do you think that Ht transport can be driven by ATP hydrolysis at the ratio of one molecule of ATP per H* transported? You can use your textbook or other sources to check AG for ATP hydrolysis 4) If H* where free to move back to into the cell, calculate the membrane potential that would be required to prevent them to do soarrow_forwardThe stomach has two types of exocrine secretory cells: chief cells that secrete an inactive form of a protein-digesting enzyme, pepsinogen parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), which activates pepsinogen Both these cell types have an abundance of mitochondria for ATP production - the chief cells for the energy needed needed to synthesize pepsinogen, the parietal cells for the energy needed to transport H+ and Cl- from the blood into the stomach lumen. But only one of these cell types also has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and abundant Golgi stacks. Explain which cell type would have extensive rough ER and Golgi stacks and why. Also explain which cell type would not have as extensive a rough ER and Golgi stacks and why.arrow_forward
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