Concept explainers
To determine:
Whether increase means that measles was getting more infectious, or might there be any another reason.
Introduction:
Measles is an infectious disease which is transmitted by the transfer of affected respiratory droplets through the air. The cases of this disease increases in late winter and early spring seasons.
To determine:
The reason that numbers of measles cases did not immediately decline in 1964, although the vaccine was licensed in 1963.
Introduction:
Measles is a childhood disease the causes rashes. Symptoms of measles include a sore throat, fever, dry cough, headache, and conjunctivitis.
To determine:
The data would need to test the hypothesis.
Introduction:
The licensed vaccination of measles in the United States is directly related to the fact that measles vaccination in the United States has declined the disease cases with passing years.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 37 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
- This article highlights a young doctor at Elmhurst Hospital during the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic. Dr. Zikry is quoted as saying: “It’s become very clear to me what a socioeconomic disease this is...”. In addition, the textbook discusses the personal variables and socioeconomic status (SES) that are used to find patterns in disease (pp.112-118). What do you think Dr. Zikry meant by referring to the SES of his patients? Why was it important to find a pattern of personal variables and SES among the of victims of Covid-19 at the beginning of the pandemic?arrow_forwardJust last week the Energy Department now seems pretty confident that the coronavirus came from a lab leak: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/26/us/politics/china-lab-leak-coronavirus-pandemic.html The textbook discusses how the environment is part of the epidemiologic triangle. What is the epidemiologic triangle? (Figure 10-2, p.210). Why does it matter where this coronavirus started? Do you have any theories about how the virus was transmitted to humans?arrow_forwardWhat are the components of the conjugate Hib vaccine?arrow_forward
- The Zoomland epidemic does not mimic a real epidemic in every respect. What is ONE way the Zoomland epidemic is not an entirely realistic simulation? A. In the Zoomland epidemic we could tell who had interacted with whom (contact tracing). In real life there is no way to do any contact tracing. B. In the Zoomland epidemic people interacted randomly with others. In real life people interact much more with some members of the population than others. C. In the Zoomland epidemic, transmission only occurred when a person came into contact with an infected person AND a suitable vector. In real life some diseases do not require a vector for successful transmission.arrow_forwardPolio (poliomyelitis) is a serious disease that either kills or paralyzes a large number of people (especially children) before the development of the vaccine. The first vaccine against polio was developed by the American doctor Dr. Salk in the 1950s. The effectiveness of the vaccine was studied using the following experimental setup: 400,000 elementary school children from grades 1, 2, and 3 participated in the experiment. 200,000 children were vaccinated and 200,000 children were not vaccinated. For each child in the experiment, a coin was flipped. If the result of the flip was heads, the child was placed in the treatment group and received the vaccine injection. If the result was tails, the child was placed in the control group and received a placebo injection (dummy vaccine). The health status of the children was then monitored over a certain period. The children participating in the experiment, their parents, the doctors who administered the injections, and the doctors who…arrow_forwardYearly vaccination is the primary means of preventing and controlling flu outbreaks. Here 'yearly' is important because: New vaccines with better efficacy are produced each year Circulating strains of influenza viruses change from year to year New vaccines with up-to-date strain components are produced each year Who is at higher risk of developing severe pneumonia when infected with SARS-CoV-2? An undergraduate A student at high-school A 6-month-old baby A 70 years old man with diabetes and high blood pressurearrow_forward
- For question 4, can you please confirm the correct stage?arrow_forwardWhat is the Coronavirus? Is it a living organism? How does it reproduce? The current vaccines that are being distributed in the United States are made by Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson and Johnson. Explain how they work and how health officials believe they will aid in the pandemic? What should we expect as more and more people get vaccinated? Will things immediately go back to the way they were before? What is the Delta variant and how is it impeding on getting things back to "normal"?arrow_forwardA malaria vaccine has proved to be 77% effective in early trials and could be a major breakthrough against the disease, says the University of Oxford team behind it. Malaria kills more than 400,000 people a year, mostly children in sub-Saharan Africa. But despite many vaccines being trialled over the years, this is the first to meet the required target. The researchers say this vaccine could have a major public health impact. When trialled in 450 children in Burkina Faso, the vaccine was found to be safe, and showed "high-level efficacy" over 12 months of follow-up. Larger trials in nearly 5,000 children between the ages of five months and three years will now be carried out across four African countries to confirm the findings. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Although preventable and curable, the World Health Organization estimates there were 229 million cases worldwide in 2019 and 409,000 deaths.…arrow_forward
- The graph in Figure 3 represents the information complied over a 10-year period showing the development of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the changes in the number of T4 lymphocytes. Key HIV T4 cells --- 0 1 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 Time/years FIGURE 3 Explain the differences seen in the graph between the numbers of T4 cells and HIV particles over the 10-year period. Suggest why suffers with AIIDS may contract Tuberculosis (TB), even though they have been vaccinated against it. Suggest how the immune response plays a role in the following: • Infertility • Allergic reactions Number of T4 cells (lymphocytes in blood) Number of HIV particlesarrow_forwardPolio has a basic reproduction number (R0) = 5. The vaccine is very good; in fact, polio vaccine is 99% effective when two follow up booster shots are given. What proportion of a population needs to be vaccinated in order for herd immunity to be effective?arrow_forwardThe SIR model of pandemics (such as COVID-19) considers three variables: S (those susceptible to the disease) I (those infected with the disease), and R (those recovered or removed from the illness). This model has a system of three differential equations, one for the derivative of each variable. We viewed the video entitled "The Coronavirus Curve - Numberphile," and we also rebuilt this model in Geogebra ourselves. That model includes two constants, "transm" and "recov:" use Ct instead of "transm," and use cr instead of "recov." In Geogebra, we could tweak these values. a. In this system, what is the equation for S'(t) = dS/dt? b. In this system, what is the equation for I'(t) = dI/dt? c. In this system, what is the equation for R'(t) = dR/dt? d. Who made this video?arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education