Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134093413
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 34, Problem 8TYU
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY • DRAW IT As a consequence of size alone, larger organisms tend to have larger brains than smaller organisms. However, some organisms have brains that are considerably larger than expected for their size. There are high energetic costs associated with the development and mainte- nance of brains that are large relative to body size.
- (a) The fossil record documents trends in which brains that are large relative to body size evolved in certain lineages, including hominins. In such lineages, what can you infer about the costs and benefits of large brains?
- (b) Hypothesize how natural selection might favor the evolution of large brains despite their high maintenance costs.
- (c) Data for 14 bird species are listed below. Graph the data, placing deviation from expected brain size on the x-axis and mortality rate 011 the y-axis. What can you conclude about the relationship between brain size and mortality?
| Deviation from Expected Brain Size* | -2.4 | -2.1 | -2.0 | -1.8 | -1.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 3.2 |
| Mortality Rate | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
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We have discussed the role of meat consumption in hominin evolution as an important source of fuel for our larger and metabolically costly brains. Do you think this hypothesis for why we have such large brains has merit? Why or why not? Can you think of any alternative hypotheses to explain the trend toward larger brain size over the past 2.5 mya?
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Chapter 34 Solutions
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
Ch. 34.1 - Identify four derived characters that all...Ch. 34.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 34.1 - VISUAL SKILLS Based on the phylogenetic tree...Ch. 34.2 - How are differences in the anatomy of lampreys and...Ch. 34.2 - WHAT IF? In several different animal lineages,...Ch. 34.2 - WHAT IF? Suggest key roles that mineralized bone...Ch. 34.3 - What derived characters do sharks and tuna share?...Ch. 34.3 - Describe key adaptations of aquatic gnathostomes.Ch. 34.3 - draw it Redraw Figure 34.2 to show four lineages:...Ch. 34.3 - WHAT IF? Imagine that we could replay the history...
Ch. 34.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.4 - Some amphibians never leave the water, whereas...Ch. 34.4 - WHAT IF? Scientists think that amphibian...Ch. 34.5 - Describe three key amniote adaptations for life on...Ch. 34.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 34.5 - Identify four avian adaptations for flight.Ch. 34.5 - VISUAL SKILLS Based on the phylogeny shown in...Ch. 34.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 34.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Develop a hypothesis to explain...Ch. 34.7 - Identify some characters that distinguish hominins...Ch. 34.7 - Provide an example in which different features of...Ch. 34.7 - WHAT IF? Some genetic studies suggest that the...Ch. 34 - Describe likely features of the common ancestor of...Ch. 34 - Identify the shared features of early fossil...Ch. 34 - How would the appearance of organisms with jaws...Ch. 34 - Which features of amphibians restrict most species...Ch. 34 - Explain why birds are considered reptiles.Ch. 34 - Describe the origm and early evolution of mammals.Ch. 34 - Vertebrates and tunicates share (A) jaws adapted...Ch. 34 - Living vertebrates can be divided into two major...Ch. 34 - Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials...Ch. 34 - Which clade does not include humans? (A)synapsids...Ch. 34 - As hominins diverged from other primates, which of...Ch. 34 - Which of the following could be considered the...Ch. 34 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 34 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY DRAW IT As a consequence of...Ch. 34 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 34 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This animal is a...
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