Concept explainers
To determine: In which cities did the researchers record the highest and lowest sperm counts.
Introduction: Nowadays, the agricultural fields are extremely contaminated with pesticides that are applied in fields to destroy all pests. Pesticides are harmful chemicals with no specificity and are equally harmful to all the living beings. The pesticide not only kills the living environment, it also destroys the reproductive function of animals whose wombs are exposed to such chemicals. In many researches, it was found that the men working in the agricultural fields are more exposed to the pesticide, which may adversely affect their reproductive capability.
Answer to Problem 1DAA
Correct answer: The highest sperm count is in City N and the lowest sperm count is in City C.
Explanation of Solution
Refer to Fig 34.22 “Characteristics of men in four cities” given in the question. Researcher S and her colleagues selected men from four cities from the US, namely City C, City L, City M and City N. Men from the cities were checked for their reproduction capabilities, especially the sperm count and sperm motility. From the given studies, it was found that men from the country with most farm lands were having a decreased sperm count and sperm motility. At the same time, the men in the area with no agriculture have the maximum sperm count and sperm motility.
Fig 34.22 shows that the sperm counts were 58.7 million/ml in City C (most of agricultural area) and in City N (with no agricultural area) the sperm count in men were 102.9 million/ml. Therefore, the city with the lowest sperm count is City C and the highest sperm count is in City N.
The highest sperm count is in City N and the lowest sperm count is in City C.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 34 Solutions
Bundle: Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 14th + LMS Integrated for MindTap Biology, 1 term (6 months) Printed Access Card
- Birth Defects and Multiple Births A woman who carries multiple offspring at the same time increases the risk of some birth defects. FIGURE 42.18 shows the results of Yiwei Tang's study of birth defects reported in Florida from 1W6 to 2000. Tang compared the incidence of various defects among single and multiple births. She calculated the relative risk for each type of defect based on type of birth, and corrected for other differences that might increase risk such as maternal age, income, race, and medical care during pregnancy. A relative risk of less than 1 means that multiple births pose less risk of that defect occurring. A relative risk greater than 1 means multiples are more likely to have a defect. FIGURE 42.18 Prevalence, per 10,000 live births, of various types of birth defects among multiple aria single births. Relative risk for each defect is given after researches adjusted for the motor's age, race, previous adverse pregnancy experience, education, Medicaid participation during pregnancy, as well as the infant's sex and number of siblings. 4. Does a multiple pregnancy increase the relative risk of chromosomal defects in offspring?arrow_forwardSperm Counts Down on the Farm Contamination of water by agricultural chemicals affects reproductive function in some animals. Are there effects on humans? Epidemiologist Shanna Swan and her colleagues studied sperm from men in four cities in the United States (FIGURE 34. 22). The men were partners of women who had become pregnant and were visiting a prenatal clinic, so all were fertile. Of the four cities, Columbia, Missouri, is located in the county with the most farmlands. New York City in New York is in an area with no agriculture. Location of Clinic Columbia, Missouri Los Angeles, California Minneapolis, Minnesota New York, New York Average age 30.7 29.8 32.2 36.1 Percent nonsmokers 79.5 70.5 85.8 81.6 Percent with history of STD 11.4 12.9 13.6 15.8 Sperm count (million/ml) 58.7 80.8 98.6 102.9 Percent motile sperm 48.2 54.5 52.1 56.4 FIGURE 34.22 Characteristics men h four cities. All men were partners of woman who visited prenatal health clinics, and so were presumably fertile. STD stands for sexually transmitted disease. 2. In which cities did samples show the highest and lowest sperm motility (ability to move)?arrow_forwardSperm Counts Down on the Farm Contamination of water by agricultural chemicals affects reproductive function in some animals. Are there effects on humans? Epidemiologist Shanna Swan and her colleagues studied sperm from men in four cities in the United States (FIGURE 34. 22). The men were partners of women who had become pregnant and were visiting a prenatal clinic, so all were fertile. Of the four cities, Columbia, Missouri, is located in the county with the most farmlands. New York City in New York is in an area with no agriculture. Location of Clinic Columbia, Missouri Los Angeles, California Minneapolis, Minnesota New York, New York Average age 30.7 29.8 32.2 36.1 Percent nonsmokers 79.5 70.5 85.8 81.6 Percent with history of STD 11.4 12.9 13.6 15.8 Sperm count (million/ml) 58.7 80.8 98.6 102.9 Percent motile sperm 48.2 54.5 52.1 56.4 FIGURE 34.22 Characteristics men h four cities. All men were partners of woman who visited prenatal health clinics, and so were presumably fertile. STD stands for sexually transmitted disease. Aging, smoking, and sexually transmitted diseases adversely affect sperm. Could differences in any of these variables explain the regional differences in sperm count?arrow_forward
- Sperm Counts Down on the Farm Contamination of water by agricultural chemicals affects reproductive function in some animals. Are there effects on humans? Epidemiologist Shanna Swan and her colleagues studied sperm from men in four cities in the United States (FIGURE 34. 22). The men were partners of women who had become pregnant and were visiting a prenatal clinic, so all were fertile. Of the four cities, Columbia, Missouri, is located in the county with the most farmlands. New York City in New York is in an area with no agriculture. Location of Clinic Columbia, Missouri Los Angeles, California Minneapolis, Minnesota New York, New York Average age 30.7 29.8 32.2 36.1 Percent nonsmokers 79.5 70.5 85.8 81.6 Percent with history of STD 11.4 12.9 13.6 15.8 Sperm count (million/ml) 58.7 80.8 98.6 102.9 Percent motile sperm 48.2 54.5 52.1 56.4 FIGURE 34.22 Characteristics men h four cities. All men were partners of woman who visited prenatal health clinics, and so were presumably fertile. STD stands for sexually transmitted disease. 4. Do these data support the hypothesis that living near farmlands can adversely affect male reproductive function?arrow_forwardResearchers are learning how to transfer sperm-making cells from fertile male mice into infertile male mice in the hopes of learning more about reproductive abnormalities. These donor spermatogonia cells have developed into mature spermatozoa in 70% of cases, and some recipients have gone on to father pups (as baby mice are called). This new advance opens the way for a host of experimental genetic manipulations. It also offers enormous potential for correcting human genetic disease. One potentially useful human application of this procedure is treating infertile males who wish to be fathers. a. Do you foresee any ethical or legal problems with the implementation of this technique? If so, elaborate on the concerns. b. Could this procedure have the potential for misuse? If so, explain how.arrow_forwardSperm and ova are similar in terms of ________. size quantity produced per year chromosome number flagellar motilityarrow_forward
- How many genetically different eggs could be formed by women with the following genotypes? Aa bb CC DD AA Bb Cc dd Aa Bb cc Dd 4. Aa Bb Cc Ddarrow_forwardAffected female Affected male O Unaffected female Unaffected male 11 IV 40/20 20 80/40 80 OO 180 90/20 160/20 20 A) Between 20 and 40 and between 80 and 180, respectively B) Between 20 and 40 and between 160 and 180, respectively C) Between 40 to 80 and between 160 and 180, respectively D) Between 40 to 80 and between 180 and 200, respectively O 40/20 80/20 160 20 180/20 20 dd 180/40 20 180/20 250/20 200 20/20160/20 20 200 20 WATAK 20/20 20 118. A 25-year-old nulligravid woman (individual IV-1 in the pedigree shown) and her 28-year-old husband come to the office for counseling prior to conception. Previous reproductive endocrinologic evaluation of the husband showed no abnormalities. The woman has a family history of fragile X syndrome. The genotype of the CGG trinucleotide repeat length in the 5'-untranslated exon of the FMR1 gene for each individual in the family is indicated. Based on these findings, the repeat length boundaries between normal and premutation and between premutation…arrow_forwardElsa Gonzaga, a 30-year-old G4P4 who delivered a 4,309-gm term male infant 40 minutes ago via NSD. She had normal pregnancy, and her only medications taken during pregnancy were prenatal vitamins. Her membranes ruptured at home 45 hours prior to delivery, and she was in active labor when she was admitted to Labor & Deliver. Her labor progressed quickly, and she delivered an hour later. The placenta was delivered spontaneously within 6-7 minutes. Her estimated blood loss was 400 ml. She had a second-degree perineal laceration that was repaired under local anesthesia. After one hour after her delivery the following vital signs were noted by the nurse: Pulse rate 100; BP 100/76; Resp Rate 22 and O2 saturation of 93% on room air. Uterine fundus is boggy and located at 3 cm above umbilicus. Patient is lethargic but responsive. Patient has pain in the lower abdomen and around the vagina. Hospital gown and bed lines are soaked with blood, perineal pads are saturated and changed pads every…arrow_forward
- Circle the letter of the correct response choose the correct answer, then write one sentence to explain your answer. 10. Variation in the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms is the direct result of (1) sorting and recombining of genes (2) replication and cloning (3) the need to adapt and maintain homeostasis (4) overproduction of offspring and competitionarrow_forwardIn stage 1 of labor, during active phase the cervix dilates? 4-7 cm 1-3 cm 8-10 cm 7-10 cmarrow_forward20arrow_forward
- Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781305073951Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning