College Physics
OER 2016 Edition
ISBN: 9781947172173
Author: OpenStax
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Chapter 32, Problem 9PE
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Q.4. (b) The linear absorption coefficient of lead
for 1.0 MeV gamma rays is 74 m¹. Calculate the half
value Thickness and Thickness of lead to reduce the
GO
intensity of gamma rays to of its original value.
100
(log 2 = 0.693 and log 10 = 2.30)
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A, Explain the importance of reducing exposure dose and time to a patient undergoing a diagnostic X-ray examination. Describe ways to achieve this.
B, Calculate the wavelength of the most energetic X-rays produced by tube operating at pd of 1×10^6 V, h= 6.6×10^(-34) J, e=1.6×10^(-19) C, c=3×10^8 ms^(-1)
H:39)
Chapter 32 Solutions
College Physics
Ch. 32 - In terms of radiation dose, what is the major...Ch. 32 - One of the methods used to limit radiation dose to...Ch. 32 - Isotopes that emit (radiation are relatively safe...Ch. 32 - Why is radon more closely associated with inducing...Ch. 32 - The RBE for lowenergy s is 1.7, whereas that for...Ch. 32 - Which methods of radiation protection were used in...Ch. 32 - What radioisotope could be a problem in homes...Ch. 32 - Are some types of cancer more sensitive to...Ch. 32 - Suppose a person swallows some radioactive...Ch. 32 - Radiotherapy is more likely to be used to treat...
Ch. 32 - Does loud irradiation leave the food radioactive?...Ch. 32 - Compare a low dose of radiation to a human with a...Ch. 32 - Suppose one load irradiation plant uses a 137Cs...Ch. 32 - Why does the fusion of light nuclei into heavier...Ch. 32 - Energy input is required to fuse medium-mass...Ch. 32 - In considering potential fusion reactions, what is...Ch. 32 - Give reasons justifying the contention made in the...Ch. 32 - Explain why the fission of heavy nuclei releases...Ch. 32 - Explain, in terms of conservation of momentum and...Ch. 32 - The ruins of the Chernobyl reactor are enclosed in...Ch. 32 - Since the uranium or plutonium nucleus fissions...Ch. 32 - The cure of a nuclear reactor generates a large...Ch. 32 - How can a nuclear reactor contain many critical...Ch. 32 - Why can heavy nuclei with odd numbers of neutrons...Ch. 32 - Why is a conventional fission nuclear reactor not...Ch. 32 - What are some of the reasons that plutonium rather...Ch. 32 - Use the laws of conservation of momentum and...Ch. 32 - How does the lithium deuteride in the...Ch. 32 - Fallout from nuclear weapons tests in the...Ch. 32 - A neutron generator uses an (source, such as...Ch. 32 - Neutrons from a source (perhaps the one discussed...Ch. 32 - The purpose of producing 99Mo (usually by neutron...Ch. 32 - (a) Two annihilation rays in a PET scan originate...Ch. 32 - Table 32.1 indicates that 7.50 mCi of 99mTc is...Ch. 32 - The activities of 131I and 123I used in thyroid...Ch. 32 - (a) Neutron activation of sodium, which is 100%...Ch. 32 - What is the dose in mSv for: (a) a 0.1 Gy xray?...Ch. 32 - Find the radiation dose in Gy for: (a) A 10mSv...Ch. 32 - How many Gy of exposure is needed to give a...Ch. 32 - What is the dose in Sv in a cancer treatment that...Ch. 32 - One half the rays from 99mTc are absorbed by a...Ch. 32 - A plumber at a nuclear power plant receives a...Ch. 32 - In the 1980s, the term picowave was used to...Ch. 32 - Find the mass of 239Pu mat has an activity of 1.00...Ch. 32 - A beam of 168MeV nitrogen nuclei is used for...Ch. 32 - (a) If the average molecular mass of compounds in...Ch. 32 - Calculate the dose in Sv to the chest at a patient...Ch. 32 - (a) A cancer patient is exposed to rays from a...Ch. 32 - What is the mass of 60Co in a cancer therapy...Ch. 32 - Large amounts of 65Zn are produced in copper...Ch. 32 - Naturally occurring 40K is listed as responsible...Ch. 32 - (a) Background radiation due to 226Ra averages...Ch. 32 - The annual radiation dose from 14C in our bodies...Ch. 32 - If everyone in Australia received an extra 0.05...Ch. 32 - Verify that the total number at nucleons, total...Ch. 32 - Calculate the energy output in each of the fusion...Ch. 32 - Show that the total energy released in the...Ch. 32 - Verify by listing the number of nucleons, total...Ch. 32 - The energy produced by the fusion of a 1.00—kg...Ch. 32 - Tritium is naturally rare, but can be produced by...Ch. 32 - Two fusion reactions mentioned in the text are...Ch. 32 - (a) Calculate the number of grams of deuterium in...Ch. 32 - How many kilograms of water are needed to obtain...Ch. 32 - The power output of the Sun is 41026W. (a) If 90%...Ch. 32 - Another set of reactions that result in the fusing...Ch. 32 - (a) Find the total energy released in MeV in each...Ch. 32 - Verify that the total number of nucleons, total...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts The laser system tested for...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts Find the amount of energy...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts: (a) What temperature gas...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts (a) Estimate the years 1hat1he...Ch. 32 - (a) Calculate the energy released in the...Ch. 32 - (a) Calculate the energy released in the...Ch. 32 - (a) Calculate the energy released in the...Ch. 32 - Confirm that each at the reactions listed for...Ch. 32 - Breeding plutonium produces energy even before any...Ch. 32 - The naturally occurring radioactive isotope 232Th...Ch. 32 - The electrical power output of a large nuclear...Ch. 32 - A large power reactor that has been in operation...Ch. 32 - Find the mass converted into energy by a 12.0kT...Ch. 32 - What mass is converted into energy by a 1.00MT...Ch. 32 - Fusion bombs use neutrons from their fission...Ch. 32 - It is estimated that the total explosive yield of...Ch. 32 - A radiationenhanced nuclear weapon (or neutron...Ch. 32 - (a) How many 239Pu nuclei must fission to produce...Ch. 32 - Assume onefourth of the yield of a typical 320kT...Ch. 32 - This problem gives some idea of the magnitude of...Ch. 32 - It is estimated that weapons tests in the...Ch. 32 - A 1.00MT bomb exploded a few kilometers above the...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts One scheme to put nuclear...Ch. 32 - Prob. 1TPCh. 32 - Prob. 2TPCh. 32 - Prob. 3TPCh. 32 - Prob. 4TPCh. 32 - Prob. 5TPCh. 32 - Prob. 6TPCh. 32 - Prob. 7TPCh. 32 - Prob. 8TPCh. 32 - Prob. 9TPCh. 32 - Prob. 10TP
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- Find the radiation dose in Gy for: (a) A 10-mSv fluoroscopic X-ray series, (b) 50 mSv of skin exposure by an a emitter, (c) 160 mSv of and rays from the 40K in your body.arrow_forwardCalculate the dose in Sv to the chest at a patient given an xray under the following conditions. The xray beam intensity is 1.50 W/m2, the area of the chest exposed is 0.0750 m2 35.0% of the xrays are absorbed in 20.0 kg of tissue, and the exposure time is 0.250 s.arrow_forwardWhat is the dose in mSv for: (a) a 0.1 Gy xray? (b) 2.5 mGy of neutron exposure to the eye? (c) 1.5 mGy of exposure?arrow_forward
- Data from the appendices and the periodic table may be needed for these problems. Show that the activity of the 14C in 1.00 g of 12C found in living tissue is 0.250 Bq.arrow_forwardWhat is the dose in mSv for: (a) a 0.1-Gy X-ray? (b) 2.5 mGy of neutron exposure to the eye? (c) 1.5m Gy of a exposure?arrow_forwardA beam of 168MeV nitrogen nuclei is used for cancer therapy. If this beam is directed onto a 0.200kg tumor and gives it a 2.00Sv dose, how many nitrogen nuclei were stopped? (Use an RBE of 20 for heavy ions.)arrow_forward
- A neutron generator uses an (source, such as radium, to bombard beryllium, inducing the reaction 4He+9Be12C+n. Such neutron sources are called RaBe sources, 0r PuBe sources if they use plutonium to get the (s. Calculate the energy output of the reaction in MeV.arrow_forwardWhat is the dose in Sv in a cancer treatment that exposes the patient to 200 Gy of rays?arrow_forwardIn a diagnostic x-ray procedure, 5.25×1010 photons are absorbed by tissue with a mass of 0.590 kg. The x-ray wavelength is 2.00×10−2 nm. A) What is the total energy absorbed by the tissue? Express your answer in millijoules. B) What is the equivalent dose in rem? Express your answer in rem.arrow_forward
- b). Compute the thickness of aluminum and lead to transmit 10% of a narrow beam of 0.1Mev gamma radiations. The numerical value of attenuation coefficient for Al and Pb are 0.435cm-1 and 59.7cm-1 respectivelyarrow_forwardA typical chest x-ray radiation dose is 250 mSv, delivered by x rays with an RBE factor of 0.85. Assuming that the mass of the exposed tissue is one-half the patient’s mass of 88 kg, calculate the energy absorbed in joules.arrow_forwardIn a certain town, the average yearly background radiation consists of 27.7 mrad of X-rays and γ rays plus 2.50 mrad of particles having a QF of 8.09. How many mrem will a person receive per year on the average?arrow_forward
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