College Physics
OER 2016 Edition
ISBN: 9781947172173
Author: OpenStax
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Chapter 32, Problem 22CQ
The cure of a nuclear reactor generates a large amount of thermal energy from the decay of fission products, even when the power-producing fission chain reaction is turned off. Would this residual heat be greatest after the reactor has run for a long time or short time? What if the reactor has been shut down for months?
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Chapter 32 Solutions
College Physics
Ch. 32 - In terms of radiation dose, what is the major...Ch. 32 - One of the methods used to limit radiation dose to...Ch. 32 - Isotopes that emit (radiation are relatively safe...Ch. 32 - Why is radon more closely associated with inducing...Ch. 32 - The RBE for lowenergy s is 1.7, whereas that for...Ch. 32 - Which methods of radiation protection were used in...Ch. 32 - What radioisotope could be a problem in homes...Ch. 32 - Are some types of cancer more sensitive to...Ch. 32 - Suppose a person swallows some radioactive...Ch. 32 - Radiotherapy is more likely to be used to treat...
Ch. 32 - Does loud irradiation leave the food radioactive?...Ch. 32 - Compare a low dose of radiation to a human with a...Ch. 32 - Suppose one load irradiation plant uses a 137Cs...Ch. 32 - Why does the fusion of light nuclei into heavier...Ch. 32 - Energy input is required to fuse medium-mass...Ch. 32 - In considering potential fusion reactions, what is...Ch. 32 - Give reasons justifying the contention made in the...Ch. 32 - Explain why the fission of heavy nuclei releases...Ch. 32 - Explain, in terms of conservation of momentum and...Ch. 32 - The ruins of the Chernobyl reactor are enclosed in...Ch. 32 - Since the uranium or plutonium nucleus fissions...Ch. 32 - The cure of a nuclear reactor generates a large...Ch. 32 - How can a nuclear reactor contain many critical...Ch. 32 - Why can heavy nuclei with odd numbers of neutrons...Ch. 32 - Why is a conventional fission nuclear reactor not...Ch. 32 - What are some of the reasons that plutonium rather...Ch. 32 - Use the laws of conservation of momentum and...Ch. 32 - How does the lithium deuteride in the...Ch. 32 - Fallout from nuclear weapons tests in the...Ch. 32 - A neutron generator uses an (source, such as...Ch. 32 - Neutrons from a source (perhaps the one discussed...Ch. 32 - The purpose of producing 99Mo (usually by neutron...Ch. 32 - (a) Two annihilation rays in a PET scan originate...Ch. 32 - Table 32.1 indicates that 7.50 mCi of 99mTc is...Ch. 32 - The activities of 131I and 123I used in thyroid...Ch. 32 - (a) Neutron activation of sodium, which is 100%...Ch. 32 - What is the dose in mSv for: (a) a 0.1 Gy xray?...Ch. 32 - Find the radiation dose in Gy for: (a) A 10mSv...Ch. 32 - How many Gy of exposure is needed to give a...Ch. 32 - What is the dose in Sv in a cancer treatment that...Ch. 32 - One half the rays from 99mTc are absorbed by a...Ch. 32 - A plumber at a nuclear power plant receives a...Ch. 32 - In the 1980s, the term picowave was used to...Ch. 32 - Find the mass of 239Pu mat has an activity of 1.00...Ch. 32 - A beam of 168MeV nitrogen nuclei is used for...Ch. 32 - (a) If the average molecular mass of compounds in...Ch. 32 - Calculate the dose in Sv to the chest at a patient...Ch. 32 - (a) A cancer patient is exposed to rays from a...Ch. 32 - What is the mass of 60Co in a cancer therapy...Ch. 32 - Large amounts of 65Zn are produced in copper...Ch. 32 - Naturally occurring 40K is listed as responsible...Ch. 32 - (a) Background radiation due to 226Ra averages...Ch. 32 - The annual radiation dose from 14C in our bodies...Ch. 32 - If everyone in Australia received an extra 0.05...Ch. 32 - Verify that the total number at nucleons, total...Ch. 32 - Calculate the energy output in each of the fusion...Ch. 32 - Show that the total energy released in the...Ch. 32 - Verify by listing the number of nucleons, total...Ch. 32 - The energy produced by the fusion of a 1.00—kg...Ch. 32 - Tritium is naturally rare, but can be produced by...Ch. 32 - Two fusion reactions mentioned in the text are...Ch. 32 - (a) Calculate the number of grams of deuterium in...Ch. 32 - How many kilograms of water are needed to obtain...Ch. 32 - The power output of the Sun is 41026W. (a) If 90%...Ch. 32 - Another set of reactions that result in the fusing...Ch. 32 - (a) Find the total energy released in MeV in each...Ch. 32 - Verify that the total number of nucleons, total...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts The laser system tested for...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts Find the amount of energy...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts: (a) What temperature gas...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts (a) Estimate the years 1hat1he...Ch. 32 - (a) Calculate the energy released in the...Ch. 32 - (a) Calculate the energy released in the...Ch. 32 - (a) Calculate the energy released in the...Ch. 32 - Confirm that each at the reactions listed for...Ch. 32 - Breeding plutonium produces energy even before any...Ch. 32 - The naturally occurring radioactive isotope 232Th...Ch. 32 - The electrical power output of a large nuclear...Ch. 32 - A large power reactor that has been in operation...Ch. 32 - Find the mass converted into energy by a 12.0kT...Ch. 32 - What mass is converted into energy by a 1.00MT...Ch. 32 - Fusion bombs use neutrons from their fission...Ch. 32 - It is estimated that the total explosive yield of...Ch. 32 - A radiationenhanced nuclear weapon (or neutron...Ch. 32 - (a) How many 239Pu nuclei must fission to produce...Ch. 32 - Assume onefourth of the yield of a typical 320kT...Ch. 32 - This problem gives some idea of the magnitude of...Ch. 32 - It is estimated that weapons tests in the...Ch. 32 - A 1.00MT bomb exploded a few kilometers above the...Ch. 32 - Integrated Concepts One scheme to put nuclear...Ch. 32 - Prob. 1TPCh. 32 - Prob. 2TPCh. 32 - Prob. 3TPCh. 32 - Prob. 4TPCh. 32 - Prob. 5TPCh. 32 - Prob. 6TPCh. 32 - Prob. 7TPCh. 32 - Prob. 8TPCh. 32 - Prob. 9TPCh. 32 - Prob. 10TP
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- (a) Calculate the energy released in the neutron- induced fission n+238U96Sr+140Xe+3n , given m(96Sr)=95.921750uand m(140Xe)=139.92164 . This result is about 6 MeV greater than the result for spontaneous fission. Why? Confirm that the total number of nucleons and total charge are conserved in this reaction.arrow_forwardAssume onefourth of the yield of a typical 320kT strategic bomb comes from fission reactions averaging 200 MeV and the remainder from fusion reactions averaging 20 MeV. (a) Calculate the number of fissions and the approximate mass of uranium and plutonium fissioned, taking the average atomic mass to be 238. (b) Find the number of fusions and calculate the approximate mass of fusion fuel, assuming an average total atomic mass of the two nuclei in each reaction to be 5. (c) Considering the masses found, does it seem reasonable that some missiles could carry 10 warheads? Discuss, noting that the nuclear fuel is only a part of the mass of a warhead.arrow_forward(a) Calculate the energy released in the neutroninduced fission reaction n+235U92Kr+142Ba+2n, given m(92Kr)=91.926269 and m(142Ba)=141.916361u. (b) Confirm that the total number at nucleons and total charge are conserved in this reaction.arrow_forward
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- The Canadian CANDU reactor uses natural uranium, with the moderator consisting of heavy water (deuterium oxide). If the moderator were removed, what would happen to the uranium in the reactor? Nothing. The reactor would continue to run normally. The fission reactions would stop. The reactor would blow up like an atomic bomb.arrow_forwardA research reactor, after going critical for the first time, operates at a power level of 100 W for 4 hours. How much fission product activity does the reactor contain at the following times after shutdown of the reactor? a) 1 hour, b) 8 hour, c) 7 days, d) 30 days. the answers have to be in Ci the answers are: а: 75.4 Ci @ 1 h b: 14.2 Ci @ 8 h с: 0.46 Ci @7 d d: 0.08 Ci @ 30 d hour show me the work pleasearrow_forwardIn a nuclear power generating plant, heat from a reactor is used to generate steam for turbines. The rate of the fission reaction determines the amount of heat generated, and this rate is controlled by rods inserted into the radioactive core. The rods regulate the flow of neutrons. If the rods are lowered into the core, the rate of fission will diminish; if the rods are raised, the fission rate will increase. By automatically controlling the position of the rods, the amount of heat generated by the reactor can be regulated. Draw a functional block diagram for the nuclear reactor control system shown in the figure below. Show all blocks and signals.arrow_forward
- In order to have the fission reaction to start a nuclear reactor, you need to be able to produce as many neutrons needed in order to maintain the reaction stable during the time. If you have too few fissions, then there will be a lack of neutrons and this will turn off the reaction chain. If you have too many fissions, then there will be an excess of neutrons, and you will end up with a Chernobyl-like issue. This is called the criticality of the reactor. Hence, you need to compute the exact amount of fuel to put inside your reactor, in order to maintain the reaction chain. Such a calculus of criticality is very complex, and out of reach for this class. It is, however, possible to estimate it, with the Oklo reactor. The Oklo reactor is located near Franceville, in Gabon. It is the only natural nuclear reactor known so far. At some point in history, what would become the mining pit of Oklo was a place containing a lot of uranium and water, which acted as a moderator, hence allowing the…arrow_forwardGiven that 10,000 neutrons exist at the beginning of a generation. The values for each factor of thesix factor formula are listed in the table below. Calculate:(a) Number of neutrons that exist after fast fission. (b) Number of neutrons that start to slow down in the reactor. (c) Number of neutrons that reach thermal energies. (d) Number of thermal neutrons that are absorbed in the reactor.(e) Number of thermal neutrons absorbed in the fuel.(f) Number of neutrons produced from thermal fissionarrow_forwardSpeculate about some worldwide changes likely to follow the advent of successful fusion reactors. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of electricity coming from a large central power station versus a network of many smaller solar-based stations owned and operated by individuals.arrow_forward
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