Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781133939146
Author: Katz, Debora M.
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 32, Problem 72PQ
Imagine a glorious day after you’ve finished school; you are working as a scientist or engineer in a large research laboratory. Most likely you won’t always agree with all the people who work on your team. What would you do if you disagreed with your boss, and your boss was the well-known American hero Thomas Edison? Think of Tesla. In 1882, Edison was known worldwide as the great inventor of the telegraph, phonograph, and incandescent bulb, while Tesla was a 26-year-old immigrant to the United States. Tesla originally worked for Edison, but they didn’t get along and Tesla left in 1885. One of the major disagreements between the two was over the motor: Edison favored the DC motor and Tesla the AC version. In 1888, Tesla gave a presentation to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, arguing for AC motors and generators. Present a case in favor of the AC motor and generator over their DC counterparts. Be fair in your presentation, listing the pros and cons of both AC and DC.
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 32 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
Ch. 32.1 - To calculate the magnetic flux through the...Ch. 32.2 - Prob. 32.2CECh. 32.3 - Prob. 32.3CECh. 32.3 - Prob. 32.4CECh. 32.4 - Prob. 32.5CECh. 32.5 - Prob. 32.6CECh. 32.6 - Prob. 32.7CECh. 32.8 - Prob. 32.8CECh. 32.8 - Prob. 32.9CECh. 32 - A constant magnetic field of 0.275 T points...
Ch. 32 - Prob. 2PQCh. 32 - Prob. 3PQCh. 32 - Prob. 4PQCh. 32 - Prob. 5PQCh. 32 - Figure P32.6 shows three situations involving a...Ch. 32 - A rectangular loop of length L and width W is...Ch. 32 - The magnetic field through a square loop of wire...Ch. 32 - Prob. 9PQCh. 32 - Prob. 10PQCh. 32 - Suppose a uniform magnetic field is perpendicular...Ch. 32 - Prob. 12PQCh. 32 - A square conducting loop with side length a = 1.25...Ch. 32 - A The magnetic field in a region of space is given...Ch. 32 - A The magnetic field in a region of space is given...Ch. 32 - Prob. 16PQCh. 32 - Prob. 17PQCh. 32 - Prob. 18PQCh. 32 - A square loop with side length 5.00 cm is on a...Ch. 32 - A thin copper rod of length L rotates with...Ch. 32 - Figure P32.21 shows a circular conducting loop...Ch. 32 - Prob. 22PQCh. 32 - A square loop with side length L, mass M, and...Ch. 32 - Prob. 24PQCh. 32 - Prob. 25PQCh. 32 - Prob. 26PQCh. 32 - Prob. 27PQCh. 32 - A solenoid of area Asol produces a uniform...Ch. 32 - Two circular conductors are perpendicular to each...Ch. 32 - Two circular conducting loops labeled A and B are...Ch. 32 - Prob. 31PQCh. 32 - Prob. 32PQCh. 32 - Prob. 33PQCh. 32 - Prob. 34PQCh. 32 - Prob. 35PQCh. 32 - Find an expression for the current in the slide...Ch. 32 - The slide generator in Figure 32.14 (page 1020) is...Ch. 32 - Prob. 38PQCh. 32 - A thin conducting bar (60.0 cm long) aligned in...Ch. 32 - A stiff spring with a spring constant of 1200.0...Ch. 32 - A generator spinning at a rate of 1.20 103...Ch. 32 - Suppose you have a simple homemade AC generator...Ch. 32 - Prob. 43PQCh. 32 - Prob. 44PQCh. 32 - Prob. 45PQCh. 32 - Prob. 46PQCh. 32 - A square coil with a side length of 12.0 cm and 34...Ch. 32 - Prob. 48PQCh. 32 - Prob. 49PQCh. 32 - Prob. 50PQCh. 32 - Prob. 51PQCh. 32 - Prob. 52PQCh. 32 - Prob. 53PQCh. 32 - Prob. 54PQCh. 32 - Prob. 55PQCh. 32 - Prob. 56PQCh. 32 - Prob. 57PQCh. 32 - A step-down transformer has 65 turns in its...Ch. 32 - Prob. 59PQCh. 32 - Prob. 60PQCh. 32 - Prob. 61PQCh. 32 - Prob. 62PQCh. 32 - Prob. 63PQCh. 32 - A bar magnet is dropped through a loop of wire as...Ch. 32 - Prob. 65PQCh. 32 - Prob. 66PQCh. 32 - A circular coil with 75 turns and radius 12.0 cm...Ch. 32 - Each of the three situations in Figure P32.68...Ch. 32 - A square loop with sides 1.0 m in length is placed...Ch. 32 - Prob. 70PQCh. 32 - Two frictionless conducting rails separated by l =...Ch. 32 - Imagine a glorious day after youve finished...Ch. 32 - Prob. 73PQCh. 32 - A Figure P32.74 shows an N-turn rectangular coil...Ch. 32 - A rectangular conducting loop with dimensions w =...Ch. 32 - Prob. 76PQCh. 32 - A conducting rod is pulled with constant speed v...Ch. 32 - Prob. 78PQCh. 32 - A conducting single-turn circular loop with a...Ch. 32 - A metal rod of mass M and length L is pivoted...
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