Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 30.15, Problem 2MQ
Summary Introduction
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme encoded from the hereditary material of retroviruses. The enzyme reverse transcriptase is also known as RNA-directed DNA polymerase, which play an important role in catalyzing the transcription of retrovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA) into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
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Chapter 30 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 30.1 - Why can it be said that respiratory pathogens have...Ch. 30.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.1 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.2 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.2 - What is the primary virulence factor for...Ch. 30.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.3 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.3 - What measures can be taken to decrease the current...Ch. 30.3 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.4 - Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis a widespread...
Ch. 30.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.4 - QDescribe the process of infection by...Ch. 30.5 - Identify the symptoms and causes of meningitis.Ch. 30.5 - Describe the infection by Neisseria meningitidis...Ch. 30.5 - QDescribe the symptoms of meningococcemia and...Ch. 30.6 - How do the genomes of the measles virus and the...Ch. 30.6 - Describe the potential serious outcomes of...Ch. 30.6 - Identify the effects of immunization on the...Ch. 30.6 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.7 - Discuss the possibilities for effective treatment...Ch. 30.7 - QWhy are colds such common respiratory diseases,...Ch. 30.8 - Distinguish between antigenic drift and antigenic...Ch. 30.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.9 - What is the normal habitat of Staphylococcus...Ch. 30.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.9 - QDistinguish between pathogenic staphylococci and...Ch. 30.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.10 - How can gastric ulcers be diagnosed? How can they...Ch. 30.10 - QDescribe the evidence linking Helicobacter pylori...Ch. 30.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.12 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.13 - Explain at least one potential reason for the high...Ch. 30.13 - Prob. 3MQCh. 30.13 - QWhy did the incidence of gonorrhea rise...Ch. 30.14 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.14 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.14 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.15 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.15 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.15 - Prob. 3MQCh. 30.15 - QDescribe how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)...Ch. 30 - Prob. 1AQCh. 30 - Prob. 2AQCh. 30 - Prob. 3AQCh. 30 - Discuss the molecular biology of antigenic shift...
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- One of the first and most important targets for drugs to fight infection with HIV (a retrovirus) is the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Why?arrow_forwardThe same molecular process that causes antigenic drift in HIV can lead to resistance to some antiretroviral drugs used in HIV therapy. Which of the following explains why a combinationdifferent antiretroviral drugs is more effective than a single antiretroviral drug? Select ALL that apply.a).Each antiretroviral drug has a different mechanism of action and targets a different aspect of HIV replication.b).By using 3 different antiretroviral drugs at the same time, it is highly unlikely that a combination of mutations conferring drug resistance will occur at the same time.c)Administering 3 antiretroviral drugs achieves higher levels of each drug than administering just one antiretroviral drug.d).By using 3 different antiretroviral drugs, these drugs are likely to be more effective in inhibiting the same HIV enzyme than one antiretroviral drug.e),Administering 3 antiretroviral drugs is less toxic than administering one antiretroviral drug.arrow_forwardWhy is gap repair synthesis needed during HIV DNA integration?arrow_forward
- Moderna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.arrow_forwardWhat enzyme is responsible for the production of viral DNA from a retrovirus?arrow_forwardIf HIV was just an enveloped virus, but not a retrovirus, which of the following drugs would likely still work? NtRTI NRTI Integrase inhibitor Entry inhibitorarrow_forward
- What is adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene ? How it works ?arrow_forwardGive an example of a nucleoside analogue that has been used successfully as an antiretroviral drug. How does it work thanksarrow_forwardThe success of HAART (highly active antiretrovial therapy) against HIV is based on the idea that the probability of having an HIV virion that can simultaneously resist multiple anti-HIV drugs is very low. You were asked to investigate whether the same principle can be applied to another RNA virus, called Virus X. This is what you know about Virus X. (1) For a given antiviral drug, approximately 1 in 1,000 virions may carry a mutation that confers resistance against the said drug. (2) Roughly a total of 1010 virions can be found in an individual infected with Virus X. Assuming that all the drugs work independently of each other (i.e., mutations that allow resistance to one drug have no effect on the resistance to the other drugs), then minimally how many drugs are needed for this treatment regimen to work? Question 4 options: 1) 7 2) 6 3) 5 4) 4 5) 3arrow_forward
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