Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 30, Problem 4AQ
Discuss the molecular biology of antigenic shift in influenza viruses and comment on the immunological consequences for the host. Why has antigenic shift prevented the production of a single universally effective vaccine for influenza control? Next, compare antigenic shift to antigenic drift. Which causes the greatest antigenic change? Which creates the biggest problems for vaccine developers? Which can lead to pandemic influenza, and why?
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Every year, the United States and the world suffer a serious outbreak of emerging, re emerging or endemic disease. Using documented and reliable sources on the internet, find information about COVID-19 and its history. Please also list the souces used.
1: Vaccine development
What are vaccines and how do they work?
What attenuated virus vaccines are, who developed the vaccine (if one exists) and in what year, what strain was within the first vaccine.
current vaccines available, and what strains they cover, and what current protocols are for vaccination in the US and in other countries
Discuss current US state policies on vaccination requirements. If no vaccine is available, describe any current R&D or clinical trials in effect right now.
2: CDC and outbreak information
On the CDC website and other sources to identify:
- When widespread vaccination began and when it effectively eradicated the disease here (also discuss what that means) if applicable.
2. Outline past/ present…
1)Describe the key processes involved in vaccine manufacturing.2) Review the literature and identify the key players in the various mutants of the spikeprotein.3) How were the structures of ACE 2 and spike protein solved?4) Why is it easier to target a single mutant versus multiple mutants in the virus?5) There are several coronaviruses in the database, why is the SARS-CoV-2 sodangerous?6) Summarize the key difference in the invasion of cells by:a. HIVb. Adenovirusc. Anthraxd. SARS-CoV-2e. MERS
Chapter 30 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 30.1 - Why can it be said that respiratory pathogens have...Ch. 30.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.1 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.2 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.2 - What is the primary virulence factor for...Ch. 30.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.3 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.3 - What measures can be taken to decrease the current...Ch. 30.3 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.4 - Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis a widespread...
Ch. 30.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.4 - QDescribe the process of infection by...Ch. 30.5 - Identify the symptoms and causes of meningitis.Ch. 30.5 - Describe the infection by Neisseria meningitidis...Ch. 30.5 - QDescribe the symptoms of meningococcemia and...Ch. 30.6 - How do the genomes of the measles virus and the...Ch. 30.6 - Describe the potential serious outcomes of...Ch. 30.6 - Identify the effects of immunization on the...Ch. 30.6 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.7 - Discuss the possibilities for effective treatment...Ch. 30.7 - QWhy are colds such common respiratory diseases,...Ch. 30.8 - Distinguish between antigenic drift and antigenic...Ch. 30.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.9 - What is the normal habitat of Staphylococcus...Ch. 30.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.9 - QDistinguish between pathogenic staphylococci and...Ch. 30.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.10 - How can gastric ulcers be diagnosed? How can they...Ch. 30.10 - QDescribe the evidence linking Helicobacter pylori...Ch. 30.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.12 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.13 - Explain at least one potential reason for the high...Ch. 30.13 - Prob. 3MQCh. 30.13 - QWhy did the incidence of gonorrhea rise...Ch. 30.14 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.14 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.14 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.15 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.15 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.15 - Prob. 3MQCh. 30.15 - QDescribe how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)...Ch. 30 - Prob. 1AQCh. 30 - Prob. 2AQCh. 30 - Prob. 3AQCh. 30 - Discuss the molecular biology of antigenic shift...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a potential target site for a vaccine? Explain your reasoning; include in your discussion the following terms: antigen, epitope, and antibody.arrow_forwardEfforts to produce an HIV vaccine have met with limited success. What aspects of the virus and its replicative strategy make it difficult to produce a vaccine against HIV? What other kind of virus might be similarly different to vaccinate against? What similarities and differences exist between the two types of virus that account for the differences in vaccine production?arrow_forwardA few years ago researchers identified another protein involved in cell invasion by P. falciparum, Rh5. PfRh5 is required in red blood cell invasion. It binds to a specific protein (basigin) in red blood cell membranes and it shows almost no variation among P. falciparum strains. What part(s) of this story is/are important relative to our discussion on malaria vaccines? Option C: PfRh1 appears to be invariant All three of these observations (A-C) are crucial Option A: PfRh1 is required for cell invasion, i.e. no alternative pathways Option B: PfRh1 binds to basigin Options A and Carrow_forward
- You have been hired by a major pharmaceutical company to develop a new vaccine toprevent COVID-19 infection and spread.a. What is a virus? Describe the viral life cycle. (3 marks)b. Describe the difference between an antiviral drug and a vaccine. (1 mark)c. What are three qualities you would prioritize when developing this new vaccine forCOVID-19 that you would want in the end-product? (6 marks) Note: Qualities should be overarching characteristics of the developed drug, not specifics regarding various molecular mechanisms of actionarrow_forwardCompare and contrast antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza viruses.arrow_forwardn the "Vaccine Strategies" figure, multiple vaccination options are presented. Select all options below which are options under consideration for the COVID-19 vaccine. A). Injection of a weakened virus B). Injection of an inactive virus. C). Injection of a related coronavirus. D). Injection of genetic material to produce viral proteins directly in the cell.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements concerning antigenic drift in influenza viruses is correct? A-It results in major antigenic changes B-It affects predominantly the matrix protein C-It is exhibited by only influenza A viruses D-It is due to frame shift mutations in viral genes E-It results in new sub types over timearrow_forwardThe seasonal flu shot is composed of "killed" influenza virus. Which type of vaccine is it? Hint: Since viruses are not alive, the term "killed" is replaced with what? inactivated virus attenuated toxoid DNA vaccinearrow_forwardDescribe how the antigenic components of current viral vaccines are produced and describe the process that may be followed to prepare a vaccine for the “novel Coronavirus”.arrow_forward
- From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza vaccine - one that can confer immunity to all, or nearly all, strains of influenza virus. The universal vaccine will target a stable antigen that is present on all influenza viruses that does not readily mutate to different forms. The target researchers are focusing on as a universal stable antigen is on the... O The H spike head. O H spike neck O N spike O Viral envelopearrow_forwardWhy is an HIV vaccine needed? Describe and explain in detailarrow_forwardThe world is relieved and excited at the availability of vaccines against COVID-19 pandemic. a) Complete Table 1 on the comparison of two vaccines that are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Table 1 Comparison of the Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccine against COVID-19.arrow_forward
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