The types of forces, which help the insulin to bind to its target, and the truth about the amino acids placed at positions B 23 , B 24 , A 2 , A 19 , and A 3 , which allow them to get involved in the substrate binding. Figure: Structure of canine insulin. Introduction: The quaternary structure of the proteins involves two or more chains of the peptides that held together with the help of various covalent and noncovalent forces like hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces of attraction, and disulfide linkages. An enzyme is held to its substrate with the help of van der Waal forces of attraction.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The types of forces, which help the insulin to bind to its target, and the truth about the amino acids placed at positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃, which allow them to get involved in the substrate binding.

Figure: Structure of canine insulin.

Introduction:

The quaternary structure of the proteins involves two or more chains of the peptides that held together with the help of various covalent and noncovalent forces like hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces of attraction, and disulfide linkages. An enzyme is held to its substrate with the help of van der Waal forces of attraction.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Insulin is an enzyme, which helps to lower the blood glucose level by storing it in the form of glycogen in the muscle tissues. It binds to its substrate, that is, glucose by the noncovalent van der Waal interactions. The van der Waal interactions occur over a short distance and are weak forces. Generally, enzymes bind to their substrate with the help of these forces so that products formed could be detached easily from the enzyme and it again becomes available for the next cycle of reaction.

The part of the insulin enzyme, that is involved in van der Waal interaction, contains hydrophobic amino acid groups (−R group), for example, valine, isoleucine, glycine, and phenylalanine, which might have placed on the positions such as A₂, A₃, A₁₉, B₂₃, and B₂₄. The –R groups protrude out of the insulin side chain so that they could interact with the target molecules or the amino acids that are present in the substrates.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the noncovalent interactions like van der Waal forces help the insulin to bind to its substrates. Amino acids at the positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃ might contain hydrophobic side chain amino acid groups so that they help insulin to bind to substrates.

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*Example 2: Tracing the path of an autosomal dominant trait Trait: Neurofibromatosis Forms of the trait: The dominant form is neurofibromatosis, caused by the production of an abnormal form of the protein neurofibromin. Affected individuals show spots of abnormal skin pigmentation and non-cancerous tumors that can interfere with the nervous system and cause blindness. Some tumors can convert to a cancerous form. i The recessive form is a normal protein - in other words, no neurofibromatosis.moovi A typical pedigree for a family that carries neurofibromatosis is shown below. Note that carriers are not indicated with half-colored shapes in this chart. Use the letter "N" to indicate the dominant neurofibromatosis allele, and the letter "n" for the normal allele. Nn nn nn 2 nn Nn A 3 N-

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The types of forces, which help the insulin to bind to its target, and the truth about the amino acids placed at positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃, which allow them to get involved in the substrate binding.

Figure: Structure of canine insulin.

Introduction:

The quaternary structure of the proteins involves two or more chains of the peptides that held together with the help of various covalent and noncovalent forces like hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces of attraction, and disulfide linkages. An enzyme is held to its substrate with the help of van der Waal forces of attraction.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Insulin is an enzyme, which helps to lower the blood glucose level by storing it in the form of glycogen in the muscle tissues. It binds to its substrate, that is, glucose by the noncovalent van der Waal interactions. The van der Waal interactions occur over a short distance and are weak forces. Generally, enzymes bind to their substrate with the help of these forces so that products formed could be detached easily from the enzyme and it again becomes available for the next cycle of reaction.

The part of the insulin enzyme, that is involved in van der Waal interaction, contains hydrophobic amino acid groups (−R group), for example, valine, isoleucine, glycine, and phenylalanine, which might have placed on the positions such as A₂, A₃, A₁₉, B₂₃, and B₂₄. The –R groups protrude out of the insulin side chain so that they could interact with the target molecules or the amino acids that are present in the substrates.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the noncovalent interactions like van der Waal forces help the insulin to bind to its substrates. Amino acids at the positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃ might contain hydrophobic side chain amino acid groups so that they help insulin to bind to substrates.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The types of forces, which help the insulin to bind to its target, and the truth about the amino acids placed at positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃, which allow them to get involved in the substrate binding.

Figure: Structure of canine insulin.

Introduction:

The quaternary structure of the proteins involves two or more chains of the peptides that held together with the help of various covalent and noncovalent forces like hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces of attraction, and disulfide linkages. An enzyme is held to its substrate with the help of van der Waal forces of attraction.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Insulin is an enzyme, which helps to lower the blood glucose level by storing it in the form of glycogen in the muscle tissues. It binds to its substrate, that is, glucose by the noncovalent van der Waal interactions. The van der Waal interactions occur over a short distance and are weak forces. Generally, enzymes bind to their substrate with the help of these forces so that products formed could be detached easily from the enzyme and it again becomes available for the next cycle of reaction.

The part of the insulin enzyme, that is involved in van der Waal interaction, contains hydrophobic amino acid groups (−R group), for example, valine, isoleucine, glycine, and phenylalanine, which might have placed on the positions such as A₂, A₃, A₁₉, B₂₃, and B₂₄. The –R groups protrude out of the insulin side chain so that they could interact with the target molecules or the amino acids that are present in the substrates.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the noncovalent interactions like van der Waal forces help the insulin to bind to its substrates. Amino acids at the positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃ might contain hydrophobic side chain amino acid groups so that they help insulin to bind to substrates.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The types of forces, which help the insulin to bind to its target, and the truth about the amino acids placed at positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃, which allow them to get involved in the substrate binding.

Figure: Structure of canine insulin.

Introduction:

The quaternary structure of the proteins involves two or more chains of the peptides that held together with the help of various covalent and noncovalent forces like hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces of attraction, and disulfide linkages. An enzyme is held to its substrate with the help of van der Waal forces of attraction.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Insulin is an enzyme, which helps to lower the blood glucose level by storing it in the form of glycogen in the muscle tissues. It binds to its substrate, that is, glucose by the noncovalent van der Waal interactions. The van der Waal interactions occur over a short distance and are weak forces. Generally, enzymes bind to their substrate with the help of these forces so that products formed could be detached easily from the enzyme and it again becomes available for the next cycle of reaction.

The part of the insulin enzyme, that is involved in van der Waal interaction, contains hydrophobic amino acid groups (−R group), for example, valine, isoleucine, glycine, and phenylalanine, which might have placed on the positions such as A₂, A₃, A₁₉, B₂₃, and B₂₄. The –R groups protrude out of the insulin side chain so that they could interact with the target molecules or the amino acids that are present in the substrates.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the noncovalent interactions like van der Waal forces help the insulin to bind to its substrates. Amino acids at the positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃ might contain hydrophobic side chain amino acid groups so that they help insulin to bind to substrates.

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Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The types of forces, which help the insulin to bind to its target, and the truth about the amino acids placed at positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃, which allow them to get involved in the substrate binding.

Figure: Structure of canine insulin.

Introduction:

The quaternary structure of the proteins involves two or more chains of the peptides that held together with the help of various covalent and noncovalent forces like hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces of attraction, and disulfide linkages. An enzyme is held to its substrate with the help of van der Waal forces of attraction.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Insulin is an enzyme, which helps to lower the blood glucose level by storing it in the form of glycogen in the muscle tissues. It binds to its substrate, that is, glucose by the noncovalent van der Waal interactions. The van der Waal interactions occur over a short distance and are weak forces. Generally, enzymes bind to their substrate with the help of these forces so that products formed could be detached easily from the enzyme and it again becomes available for the next cycle of reaction.

The part of the insulin enzyme, that is involved in van der Waal interaction, contains hydrophobic amino acid groups (−R group), for example, valine, isoleucine, glycine, and phenylalanine, which might have placed on the positions such as A₂, A₃, A₁₉, B₂₃, and B₂₄. The –R groups protrude out of the insulin side chain so that they could interact with the target molecules or the amino acids that are present in the substrates.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the noncovalent interactions like van der Waal forces help the insulin to bind to its substrates. Amino acids at the positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃ might contain hydrophobic side chain amino acid groups so that they help insulin to bind to substrates.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The types of forces, which help the insulin to bind to its target, and the truth about the amino acids placed at positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃, which allow them to get involved in the substrate binding.

Figure: Structure of canine insulin.

Introduction:

The quaternary structure of the proteins involves two or more chains of the peptides that held together with the help of various covalent and noncovalent forces like hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces of attraction, and disulfide linkages. An enzyme is held to its substrate with the help of van der Waal forces of attraction.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Insulin is an enzyme, which helps to lower the blood glucose level by storing it in the form of glycogen in the muscle tissues. It binds to its substrate, that is, glucose by the noncovalent van der Waal interactions. The van der Waal interactions occur over a short distance and are weak forces. Generally, enzymes bind to their substrate with the help of these forces so that products formed could be detached easily from the enzyme and it again becomes available for the next cycle of reaction.

The part of the insulin enzyme, that is involved in van der Waal interaction, contains hydrophobic amino acid groups (−R group), for example, valine, isoleucine, glycine, and phenylalanine, which might have placed on the positions such as A₂, A₃, A₁₉, B₂₃, and B₂₄. The –R groups protrude out of the insulin side chain so that they could interact with the target molecules or the amino acids that are present in the substrates.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the noncovalent interactions like van der Waal forces help the insulin to bind to its substrates. Amino acids at the positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃ might contain hydrophobic side chain amino acid groups so that they help insulin to bind to substrates.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The types of forces, which help the insulin to bind to its target, and the truth about the amino acids placed at positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃, which allow them to get involved in the substrate binding.

Figure: Structure of canine insulin.

Introduction:

The quaternary structure of the proteins involves two or more chains of the peptides that held together with the help of various covalent and noncovalent forces like hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces of attraction, and disulfide linkages. An enzyme is held to its substrate with the help of van der Waal forces of attraction.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Insulin is an enzyme, which helps to lower the blood glucose level by storing it in the form of glycogen in the muscle tissues. It binds to its substrate, that is, glucose by the noncovalent van der Waal interactions. The van der Waal interactions occur over a short distance and are weak forces. Generally, enzymes bind to their substrate with the help of these forces so that products formed could be detached easily from the enzyme and it again becomes available for the next cycle of reaction.

The part of the insulin enzyme, that is involved in van der Waal interaction, contains hydrophobic amino acid groups (−R group), for example, valine, isoleucine, glycine, and phenylalanine, which might have placed on the positions such as A₂, A₃, A₁₉, B₂₃, and B₂₄. The –R groups protrude out of the insulin side chain so that they could interact with the target molecules or the amino acids that are present in the substrates.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the noncovalent interactions like van der Waal forces help the insulin to bind to its substrates. Amino acids at the positions B₂₃, B₂₄, A₂, A₁₉, and A₃ might contain hydrophobic side chain amino acid groups so that they help insulin to bind to substrates.

Answer 12

Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 4R Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 5R Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 6R Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 1R Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 2R Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 3R

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