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In organic molecules made of chains of subunits, each subunit is called a(n)____, and the chains are called____. Carbohydrates consisting of long chains of sugars are called_______. These sugar chains can be broken down by_____ reactions. Three types of carbohydrates consisting of long glucose chains are______,______, and __________. Three examples of disaccharides are _____,_____, and_____.LO2 LO3
To review:
The given blank space in the statement, “In organic molecule is made up of chains of subunits and each subunit is called a(n) _____, and the chains are called _____. Carbohydrate consisting of long chains of sugars are called _____. These sugar chains can be broken down by ______ reactions. Three types of carbohydrates consisting of long glucose chains are ____, _____, and _____. Three examples of disaccharides are _______, ______, and _______.”
Introduction:
All the biological components are made up of different types of organic molecule. These are the molecules, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, and andoxygen as their key atoms. These molecules are found in different spatial arrangement and conformation. Carbohydrates are the richest source of energy. These are capable of storing energy in the organism.
Explanation of Solution
The monomer is a smallest and basic unit of a macromolecule. Its repeating units form a long chain of the polymer. This process is known as polymerization and is achieved by a condensation reaction. In case of carbohydrates, the monomeric unit is called monosaccharide. These monosaccharide units when repeated in an array, results in the formation of a long chain of the molecule called polymer. This helps in the formation of the macromolecule. These can be further broken down to get the smallest units of the molecule.
When two monosaccharides (monomer) are joined together by glycosidic linkage, they result in the formation of disaccharides. They can be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are the common examples of disaccharides. Sucrose is made up of fructose and glucose. Maltose is made up of two glucose units and lactose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose.
When several monosaccharides join together by the glycosidic bonds, they form polysaccharides. Thus, the polysaccharide is a polymeric unit of carbohydrates. These may be soluble or insoluble in water. Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.
Starchis along polymeric chain of carbohydrate produced by green plants. It is one of the stored energy components of plants. Structurally, it consists of linear amylose unit and highly branched amylopectin units. Its pure form is insoluble in cold water and alcohol. Amylase is an enzyme, which degrades it into smaller units.
Chitin is a longpolymeric chain of glucose. Chitin is a very important component for the production of the cell wall in fungi and exoskeleton in arthropods. The structure of chitin produces crystalline whiskers, which act as an insulated covering.
Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose. Glycogen is the major energy storing unit of animals, humans, and fungi. Branches of this polysaccharide are joined by alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond. The energy stored in the form of glycogen is present in liver, skeletal muscles, or adipose tissues in a hydrated form.
The hydrolysis reaction is characterized by the breaking ofmacromolecules (polysaccharides) into their subunits in presence of water. In this reaction, hydrogen ion of water is donated to one subunit, while hydroxyl ion is donated to another.
In organic molecule made up of chains of subunits and each subunit is called a(n) monomer, and the chains are called polymer. Carbohydrate consisting of long chains of sugars are called polysaccharides. These sugar chains can be broken down by hydrolysis reactions. Three types of carbohydrates consisting of long glucose chains are starch, chitin, and glycogen. Three examples of disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth
- The symbol for the fatty acid below is ________________: ________________, n-____________________. CH3(CH2)2(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)4COOH (This is a multiple blank question, e.g. for 12:1, n-3 you would enter 12, 1, and 3.)arrow_forwardx * x A () lipids: fatty acids and glycerol proteins: amino acids carbohydrates: disaccharides H HỎ D carbohydrates: monosaccharides E nucleic acids: nucleotides CH₂OH H OH H Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form other biomolecules. The picture above shows sucrose, a disaccharide used to form larger biomolecules. Biomolecules are all made of smaller units called monomers. Examine the list of biomolecules below. Select ALL of the choices that correctly pair the biomolecule with its monomer. QH H H OH Y CH₂OH 0 Q CH₂OH H HO OH H H 5 of 10 32arrow_forwardCH,OH CH,OH CH,OH H. OH CH2OH CH2OH HOH2C H. но OH H. H H. OH HÓ H OH H HO H. OH но CH,OH OH H H ÓH ÓH H H H OH H ÓH H 1 Choose any/all that apply to the above images of disaccharides. All three pictured disaccharides are reducing sugars. All three pictured disaccharides contain at least one molecule of galactose, but only image 1 contains fructose. All three pictured disaccharides contain at least one molecule of glucose, but only image 1 contains a furanose. All three pictured disaccharides contain a 1,3 glycosidic linkage All three pictured disaccharides contain at least one molecule of glucose, but only image 2 contains galactose. All three pictured disaccharides can be used as building blocks of glycogen. All three pictured disaccharides contain at least one molecule of glucose, but only image I contains fructose.arrow_forward
- “Enzyme increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy. In doing so, it also changes the equilibrium of that reaction.” Do you agree/disagree with this statement? And why?arrow_forwardWhen your body is breaking down organic biomolecular polymers in food into their component monomers, what type of general reaction is requiredarrow_forwardMonosaccharides should always have at least two hydroxyl group. True or False? Monosaccharides can have two or more aldehyde groups in one structure. True or False? Both aldehyde group and ketone group are always present in a monosaccharide. True or False? All carbons of monosaccharide should have at least one hydroxyl group. True or False?arrow_forward
- When the carbohydrate maltose is digested into two glucose monosaccharide sugars (by maltase in the human small intestine), the resulting glucose monomers are properly defined as: the catalysts the substrates the enzymes the reactants the productsarrow_forwardFill in the blanks: In energetically coupled reactions, a [anabolic or catabolic] or [endergonic or exergonic] reaction, which breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, usually provides the energy to drive an [catabolic or anabolic] or [exergonic or endergonic] reaction, which creates large molecules from smaller ones.arrow_forwardUse drawings to explain how an enzyme (such as hexokinase, mentioned in the text) can distinguish its normal substrate (here d-glucose) from the optical isomer l-glucose, which is not a substrate. (hint: remembering that a carbon atom forms four single bonds that are tetrahedrally arranged and that the optical isomers are mirror images of each other around such a bond, draw the substrate as a simple tetrahedron with four different corners and then draw its mirror image. using this drawing, indicate why only one optical isomer might bind to a schematic active site of an enzyme.)arrow_forward
- Enzymes are: [Select all that apply.] O mostly proteins. molecules that are a main source of energy for most cells. molecules that catalyze (speed up) other chemical reactions. O molecules that have specific shape that bind specific molecules. O waste products from most cellular chemical reactions. O used up in the chemical reactions that they catalyze.arrow_forwardEnzymes are: [Select all that apply.] -waste products from the chemical reactions they catalyze. -molecules that are a main source of energy for most cells. -molecules that have specific shape that bind specific molecules. -mostly proteins. -molecules that catalyze (speed up) other chemical reactions. -waste products from most cellular chemical reactions.arrow_forwardChemistry The glucose molecule shown below is numbered 1-6. Show where those numbers would appear in pyruvate and acetyl-CoA (draw the molecules with the associated numbers). Note that each of the carbon atoms on these two molecules will have two of the numbers from glucose associated with them.arrow_forward
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