Chapter 3, Problem 10Q

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure for the given atom has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis structure: The bonding between atoms in a molecule satisfies the octet rule of valence electrons and the lone pairs also exist in the molecule. The electron is represented as dot.

Explanation of Solution

For Calcium, the number of protons and electrons is calculated as follows,

$\begin{array}{l}{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X = }}_{20}^{40}\text{Ca}\\ \\ \text{Z (atomic number) = Number of protons (number of protons are equalent to number of electrons)}\\ \\ \text{= 20}\end{array}$

Thus, the number of electrons found is $20$. The Calcium element belong Group-1A having two valence electrons.

Distributing the valence electrons around the Calcium atom as follows,

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure for the given atom has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis structure: The bonding between atoms in a molecule satisfies the octet rule of valence electrons and the lone pairs also exist in the molecule. The electron is represented as dot.

Explanation of Solution

For Chlorine, the number of protons and electrons is calculated as follows,

$\begin{array}{l}{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X = }}_{17}^{35.45}\text{Cl}\\ \\ \text{Z (atomic number) = Number of protons (number of protons are equalent to number of electrons)}\\ \\ \text{= 17}\end{array}$

Thus, the number of electrons found is $17$. The Chlorine element belong halogen group contains seven valence electrons.

Distributing the valence electrons around the Chlorine atom as follows,

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure for the given atom has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis structure: The bonding between atoms in a molecule satisfies the octet rule of valence electrons and the lone pairs also exist in the molecule. The electron is represented as dot.

Explanation of Solution

For Nitrogen, the number of protons and electrons is calculated as follows,

$\begin{array}{l}{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X = }}_7^{14}\text{N}\\ \\ \text{Z (atomic number) = Number of protons (number of protons are equalent to number of electrons)}\\ \\ \text{= 7}\end{array}$

Thus, the number of electrons found is $7$. The Nitrogen element belong Group-5 contains five valence electrons.

Distributing the valence electrons around the Nitrogen atom as follows,

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure for the given atom has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis structure: The bonding between atoms in a molecule satisfies the octet rule of valence electrons and the lone pairs also exist in the molecule. The electron is represented as dot.

Explanation of Solution

For Helium, the number of protons and electrons is calculated as follows,

$\begin{array}{l}{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X = }}_2^4\text{He}\\ \\ \text{Z (atomic number) = Number of protons (number of protons are equalent to number of electrons)}\\ \\ \text{= 2}\end{array}$

Thus, the number of electrons found is $2$. The Helium element belong noble gas group contains two valence electrons.

Distributing the valence electrons around the Helium atom as follows,