Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781285869759
Author: Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar Torres
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Question
Chapter 28, Problem 28.64P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
To explain how many turns of the spiral are there in the ß−oxidation of (a) lauric acid and (b) palmitic acid.
Concept introduction:
As a general principle, the number of fatty acid spiral turns is always one less than the number of acetyl CoA groups formed.
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This is a thermodynamically unfavorable process, with ΔG°' = +13.7 kJ/mol. In a liver cell at 37°C the concentrations of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 6.2 mM each, while the glucose-6-phosphate is around 2.1 mM . Calcaulate the Gibb's Free Energy (ΔG) of this reaction occuring in the liver
GLYCOLYSIS:
1A) Starting with glucose (in the open-chain Fisher projection), draw out the molecular structures for
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1B) What is the net reaction of glycolysis?
CITRIC ACID CYCLE:
2A) Starting with acetyl-coenzymeA and oxaloacetate, draw out the molecular structures for each step
of the citric acid cycle. For each step, include the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction.
2B) What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle? What happens to each product?
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION:
3A) Thoroughly explain the biological significance of NADH/H* and FADH2 and their roles in
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3B) Describe and diagram the general pathway of the electrons from NADH/H+ and FADH₂ to O₂
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3C) What is "chemiosmotic coupling", and what is its relationship to ATP synthesis?
3D) During oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is…
Chapter 28 Solutions
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
Ch. 28.7 - Prob. 28.1PCh. 28 - What are the products of lipase-catalyzed...Ch. 28 - What is the main use of amino acids in the body?Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.4PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.5PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.6PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.7PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.8PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.9PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.10P
Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.11PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.12PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.13PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.14PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.15PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.16PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.17PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.18PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.19PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.20PCh. 28 - Two enzymes participating in ß-oxidation have the...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.22PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.23PCh. 28 - Is the ß -oxidation of fatty acid (without the...Ch. 28 - Calculate the number of ATP molecules obtained in...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.26PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.27PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.28PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.29PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.30PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.31PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.32PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.33PCh. 28 - Ammonia, NH3, and ammonium ion, NH+4are both...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.35PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.36PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.37PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.38PCh. 28 - 28-39 The metabolism of the carbon skeleton of...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.40PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.41PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.42PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.43PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.44PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.45PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.46PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.47PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.48PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.49PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.50PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.51PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.52PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.53PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.54PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.55PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.56PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.57PCh. 28 - Write the products of the transamination reaction...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.59PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.60PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.61PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.62PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.63PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.64PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.65PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.66PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.67PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.68PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.69PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.70PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.71PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.72PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.73PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.74PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.75PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.76PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.77PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.78PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.79PCh. 28 - Many soft drinks contain citric acid to add...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.81PCh. 28 - One occasionally hears diet advice that proteins...Ch. 28 - Prob. 28.83PCh. 28 - Prob. 28.84P
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- Name each alkene and specify its configuration by the E,Z system. (Be sure to indicate double bond stereochemistry using (E)/(Z) notation. It is not necessary to use italics in writing compound names.)arrow_forwardGlycolysis is the process by which glucose is metabolized to lactic acid according to the equation C6H12O6(aq)2C3H6O3(aq) G=198 kJ at pH 7.0 and 25°C Glycolysis is the source of energy in human red blood cells. In these cells, the concentration of glucose is 5.0103 M, while that of lactic acid is 2.9103 M. Calculate AG for glycolysis in human blood cells under these conditions. Use the equation G=G+RT In Q, where Q is the concentration quotient, analogous to K.arrow_forwardNot y Given the following reaction: AH° = -118.7 kwatk CHAG)+ 02g) → C(s) + 2H20 2° ) E FI AH° = - 26.4 kcàl 1 C(s) + O 2(g) → CO (), AH° = – 67.7 kcal CO(g) + 2 → CO 2(g) O 20) Consider the combustion of meth ane, determine the AH° using Hess's Law. ΔΗ- CHAG) + 202(g) → CO2G) + 2H20» → CO 2(g) + 2H20u)arrow_forward
- (i) Which one of the following is an oligosaccharide: starch, maltose, fructose, glucose (ii) What is the difference between DNA and RNA. (iii) Write the name of the disease caused by the deficiency of vitamin B1arrow_forwardWrite the products of oxidation of glucose with:(a) Bromine water (b) Nitric acidarrow_forward5) The conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis has a AG" value of 7.5 kJ/mol, so the reaction should be unfavorable. a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction, based on this AG" value and assuming a temperature of 37 °C. b) For this reaction to occur spontaneously in the cell, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) levels are kept low. What is the value of AG if the concentration of GAP is kept at 1/100 that of the DHAP. 6) Energy can be harnessed as electrons move from compounds with low reduction potential to those with a higher reduction potential. This happens many times in the electron transport chain, where O, ultimately accepts the electrons. Using Table 3.6, determine the AG" for the transfer of electrons from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to produce H,0.arrow_forward
- need botharrow_forward11. Decide whether the disaccharide shown below is (a) a reducing or non-reducing sugar, (b) a B- sugar or an a-sugar, and (c) contains an a-1,4-glycosidic bond, a B-1,4-glycosidic bond, an a-1,6- glycosidic bond, or a B-1,6-glycosidic bond. CH2OH HO HO CH2 HO HO. HO OHarrow_forwardSelect either atom that forms the glycosidic bond in this molecule, sucrose. Gray = C; white = H; red = 0; blue = N; dark green = Cl; brown = Br; light green = F; purple = I; yellow = S; orange = P. • Double click to select atoms. • You can zoom in and out using the mouse scroll wheel (or pinch to zoom on touch screens). • If there is more than 1 correct answer, just give one.arrow_forward
- The overall reaction for microbial conversion of glucose to L-glutamic acid is: C6H1206 + NH3 +1.5 O2 →C5H,NO4 + CO2 + 3H20 (glucose) (glutamic acid) a) If 18 grams of glutamic acid are produced, how many grams of ammonia are required? Assume 100% conversion of ammonia b) What mass of glucose is required to produce 25 g of glutamic acid? Assume 100% conversion of glucose Atomic weights: C=12, H=1, N=14, O=16.arrow_forwardWhat carbohydrates is/are in your unknown? my unknown is sucrose Identifying an Unknown Carbohydrate Unknown No. Sucrose Results with Unknown Benedict's (A) Seliwanoff's (B) Fermentation (C) Iodine (D) negative Positive Positive negative Possible Sugars Present Sucrose + H₂0 starch + 420. sucrose and fructose Glucose, fructose, Sucrosé starch sucroset HCIarrow_forward14. (a) Identify the acetal and the ketal group in the following disaccharide. (b) Decide whether the compound is a non-reducing or reducing sugar. OH НО HƠ HO Н HO Н НО HO 15. (a) Identify the glycosidic bond in the following disaccharide. (b) Decide whether the compound is a non-reducing or reducing sugar. (c) Polysaccharide units are usually bonded together with a or B 1, 6 or 1, 4 linkages. What linkage is used in the disaccharide shown below? s) НО НО НО HO НО -OH OH -H OH CH2OH 16. Draw the structure for 1,4-B-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose. ( но- 17. Assign an R/S designation to each chirality center in the following compound: ( CHO НО -OHarrow_forward
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