Chapter 28, Problem 28.17UKC

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The step in which the signal gets amplified and the way in which amplification takes place have to be described briefly.

Concept Introduction:

• Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers which are secreted by the cell in endocrine system and are transported along the blood to stimulate the target cells having the corresponding receptors.
• There are three proteins which are involved in the releasing of a hormone signal. They are receptor, G protein and an enzyme.
• cAMP is a cyclic nucleotide and it is a second messenger which is synthesized from ATP by the action of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Chemically cAMP is a 3’,5’- adenosine monophosphate.
• Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of reaction by lowering the energy of activation and so they are known as “biological catalysts”.
• Secondary messengers are short lived intracellular signaling molecules. Elevated concentration of these types of messengers leads to rapid alteration in the activity of one or more cellular enzymes.