ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 4/E PAC 1 SEMESTER
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781265061173
Author: McKinley
Publisher: MCG CUSTOM
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Chapter 27, Problem 6DYKB
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Nutrients are the complex
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Students have asked these similar questions
Years ago there was interest in using uncouplers such as dinitrophenol as
weight control agents. Presumably, fat could be oxidized without concomi-
tant ATP synthesis for re-formation of fat or carbohydrate. Why was this a
bad (i.e., fatal) idea?
Lipoic Acid is the vitamin precursor for a co-enzyme called Lipoamide
A patient diagnosed with lipoic acid deficiency exhibited fatigue and muscle cramps. The muscle cramps have been related to the accumulation of specific metabolic acids. On the following list, highlight the metabolic acids that are most likely to accumulate in a lipoic acid deficiency?
Note: There may be more than one.
Isocitrate
Pyruvate
Succinate
α-ketoglutarate
Malate
Fumarate
Briefly explain.
The energy for the production of ATP comes from the breakdown of a glucose molecule via
many enzyme-mediated chemical reactions occurring at several distinct stages of cellular
respiration. During this time, the chemical energy stored in glucose is continually trans-
ferred across these reactions.
Which of the following describes the form in which most of the energy from the glucose
molecule is stored just before the oxidative phosphorylation stage in aerobic cellular
respiration?
A
B
с
D
acetyl CoA
FADH 2
NADH
pyruvate
Chapter 27 Solutions
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 4/E PAC 1 SEMESTER
Ch. 27.1 - List the six nutrients required by the body.Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 2WDYLCh. 27.1 - Prob. 3WDYLCh. 27.2 - Prob. 4WDYLCh. 27.2 - Prob. 5WDYLCh. 27.2 - Prob. 6WDYLCh. 27.2 - Prob. 7WDYLCh. 27.2 - How may a vegetarian obtain all of the essential...Ch. 27.3 - Prob. 9WDYLCh. 27.3 - What are the major minerals? The trace minerals?...
Ch. 27.4 - What categories of food are shown on the USDA...Ch. 27.4 - What is the purpose of the requirement for...Ch. 27.5 - Prob. 13WDYLCh. 27.5 - Prob. 14WDYLCh. 27.6 - Prob. 15WDYLCh. 27.6 - Prob. 16WDYLCh. 27.6 - Prob. 17WDYLCh. 27.6 - Prob. 18WDYLCh. 27.7 - Where in the biochemical pathway of cellular...Ch. 27.7 - How is excess sugar (glucose) converted to fat...Ch. 27.8 - Prob. 21WDYLCh. 27.8 - Prob. 22WDYLCh. 27.8 - Prob. 23WDYLCh. 27 - _____ 1. Which of the following is a nutrient? a....Ch. 27 - Prob. 2DYKBCh. 27 - _____ 3. What is the major macronutrient in a...Ch. 27 - _____ 4. During the absorptive state a. blood...Ch. 27 - _____ 5. When the pancreas releases insulin, it...Ch. 27 - Prob. 6DYKBCh. 27 - _____ 7. Which of the following conditions is not...Ch. 27 - _____ 8. Total metabolic rate increases under...Ch. 27 - _____ 9. All of the following are functions of the...Ch. 27 - Prob. 10DYKBCh. 27 - Define nutrition.Ch. 27 - Prob. 12DYKBCh. 27 - Prob. 13DYKBCh. 27 - Prob. 14DYKBCh. 27 - Define minerals, and give examples of their...Ch. 27 - Define nitrogen balance, and compare positive...Ch. 27 - Define the postabsorptive state. What is the major...Ch. 27 - Explain the function of the liver in the transport...Ch. 27 - Prob. 19DYKBCh. 27 - Prob. 20DYKBCh. 27 - An individual has recently adopted a vegetarian...Ch. 27 - Prob. 2CALCh. 27 - Prob. 3CALCh. 27 - Prob. 4CALCh. 27 - Prob. 5CALCh. 27 - Prob. 1CSLCh. 27 - Prob. 2CSLCh. 27 - Prob. 3CSL
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- Thiamine is the vitamin precursor for a co-enzyme called thiamine pyrophosphate or TPP. A patient diagnosed with thiamine deficiency exhibited fatigue and muscle cramps. The muscle cramps have been related to the accumulation of specific metabolic acids. On the following list, circle the metabolic acids that are most likely to accumulate in a thiamine deficiency? Note: There may be more than one. Isocitrate Pyruvate Succinate α-ketoglutarate Malate Fumarate (b) Provide a brief explanation for your answer to 1 (a) herearrow_forwardWhich of the following cellular concentrations would be likely to increase the rate of glycolysis? Low AMP levels High glucagon levels ✓Low fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels High AMP levels High phosphoenolpyruvate levels Low ATP levelsarrow_forwardThe phosphorylation catalyzed by hexokinase is essentially an irreversible reaction. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true under cellular conditions? In all cases, note that dephosphorylation specifically refers to hydrolysis in which a phosphate is lost. ATP dephosphorylation is more exergonic than glucose 6-phosphate dephosphorylation. ATP dephosphorylation is less exergonic than glucose 6-phosphate dephosphorylation. There is not enough information to determine which reaction is more exergonic.arrow_forward
- True False Glucose oxidase can be used in determining glucose in the blood and urine Regardless of the distance between the enzyme and substrate, they will bind. Lipase is an enzyme primarily produced by the pancreas that breakdown peptide bonds between the oxygen molecules of glycerol and the hydroxyl molecules of fatty acids. Coenzymes are organic substances, while cofactors are inorganic. L-Amino-acid oxidase will catalyze reactions of D (-) - glycine. Redox reaction via oxidoreductase is still possible with one reactant only. The apoenzyme is the protein part of the enzyme, which is enzymatically inactive without cofactors. Lack of enzymes will lead to block in metabolic pathways causing inborn errors of metabolism Ligases are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of chemical bonds. Ribozymes are catalytically active RNA molecules or RNA-protein complexesarrow_forwardYears ago there was interest in using uncouplers such as dinitrophenol asweight control agents. Presumably, fat could be oxidized without concomitant ATP synthesis for re-formation of fat or carbohydrate. Why was this a bad (i.e., fatal) idea?arrow_forwardWhich of the following molecules controls the metabolic flow through both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? fructose-2,6-bisphosphate O pyruvate O 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate O Glucose-6-phosphate O lactic acid O citrate Which of the following enzymes plays a role in controlling the the half-life of CGMP? O CGMP phosphodiesterase O CGMP phosphatase O CGMP half-life controlling enzyme O CGMP kinase O CGMP phosphorylasearrow_forward
- Which one of the following is a "high-energy" biomolecule with a more negative Δ ΔG° value for hydrolysis than ATP? 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Glucose-6-Phosphate Glycerol-1-Phosphatearrow_forwardTPI deficiency is a rare human condition. Patients who lack TPI cannot convert the triose dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.What happens to glycolysis in TPI patients?TPI patients suffer from chronic hemolytic anemia (abnormal breakdown of red blood cells) and have variable neuromuscular dysfunctions, including muscle weakness, poor muscle tone, and atrophy. Most die of respiratory failure during childhood. Explain why TPI-deficient patients exhibit these conditions using the diagram to justify your answer. TPI is enzyme 5.G6PD deficiency is one of the most common human genetic conditions, affecting about 40 million people worldwide. Patients suffer from hemolytic anemia when exposed to certain drugs, viral or bacterial disease, or fava beans.arrow_forwardAlpha-ketoglutarate is produced in which central metabolic pathway?arrow_forward
- Gluconeogenesis involves the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. The organs most active from the perspective of gluconeogenesis are the liver and the kidney, which supply glucose to the organs that cannot synthesize it, yet have a strict need for glucose as an energy source. Gluconeogenesis requires several equilibrium steps of glycolysis to run in the reverse direction. What are the reactants and products when GAPDH runs in the direction of gluconeogenesis Glycolysis as a ten-step pathway from glucose to pyruvate is Favourable. Is gluconeogenesis favourable under standard conditions (ie. is the ΔGo’ for the pathway negative)? c. What is true about the thermodynamics of the regulated steps in glycolysis. Compare ΔG and ΔGo’ for those steps in both directions.arrow_forwardWhich of the selected phosphate group hydrolysis reactions listed in the table below can NOT be productively coupled to the synthesis of glucose-1-phosphate? Free energy of hydrolysis for certain phosphate bonds Compound kcal/ mol-1 Phosphoenolpyruvate -14.8 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate -11.8 Creatine phosphate -10.3 ATP (to ADP) -7.3 Glucose 1-phosphate -5 Pyrophosphate -4.6 Glucose 6-phosphate -3.3 Glycerol 3-phosphate -2.2 ATP hydrolysis. Glucose-6-phosphate hydrolysis.arrow_forwardAt normal to low blood glucose concentrations (1.e., roughly 110 mg/dl or less), the enzyme that is responsible for sequestering or trapping glucose within cells is which of the following enzymes? O hexokinase O glycogen synthase O glucose-6-phosphatase O glucokinasearrow_forward
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