Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781285869759
Author: Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar Torres
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Question
Chapter 27, Problem 27.74P
Interpretation Introduction
(a)
Interpretation:
How many steps can be classified as decarboxylation reactions in citric acid cycle?
Concept Introduction:
Citric acid cycle:
It is a series of reactions in mitochondria that oxidize acetyl residue (as acetyl −CoA) liberating reducing equivalents, which upon oxidation through ETC generate ATP.
Decarboxylation is the process of elimination of
Interpretation Introduction
(b)
Interpretation:
Identify the concurrent oxidizing agent in the each step of decarboxylation reaction in citric acid cycle.
Concept Introduction:
Citric acid cycle:
It is a series of reactions in mitochondria that oxidize acetyl residue (as acetyl −CoA) liberating reducing equivalents, which upon oxidation through ETC generate ATP.
Decarboxylation is the process of elimination of
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Malate is converted to oxaloacetate by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase in the
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(c) Under cellular conditions is the AG favorable or unfavorable?
Oxaloacetate + 2H* + 2e- --> Malate
E° = -0.17 V
NAD* + H+ + 2e- --> NADH
E°' = -0.32 V
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Chapter 27 Solutions
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.1PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.2PCh. 27 - (a) How many membranes do mitochondria have? (b)...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.4PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.5PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.6PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.7PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.8PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.9PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.10P
Ch. 27 - What kind of chemical bond exists between the...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.12PCh. 27 - Which atoms in the flavin portion of FAD are...Ch. 27 - NAD+ has two ribose units in its structure; FAD...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.15PCh. 27 - The ribitol in FAD is bound to phosphate. What is...Ch. 27 - What kind Of chemical bond exists between the...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.18PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.19PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.20PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.21PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.22PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.23PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.24PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.25PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.26PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.27PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.28PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.29PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.30PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.31PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.32PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.33PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.34PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.35PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.36PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.37PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.38PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.39PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.40PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.41PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.42PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.43PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.44PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.45PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.46PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.47PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.48PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.49PCh. 27 - A hexose (C6) enters the common metabolic pathway...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.51PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.52PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.53PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.54PCh. 27 - (Chemical Connections 27A) Oligomycin is an anti-...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.56PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.57PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.58PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.59PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.60PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.61PCh. 27 - What is the basic difference in the functional...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.63PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.64PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.65PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.66PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.67PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.68PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.69PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.70PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.71PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.72PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.73PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.74PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.75PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.76PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.77PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.78PCh. 27 - Some soft drinks contain citric acid as flavoring....Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.80PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.81PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.82PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.83PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.84PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.85PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.86PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.87PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.88PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.89PCh. 27 - Why is it somewhat misleading to study biochemi-...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.91PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.92PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.93PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.94PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.95PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.96PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.97PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.98PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.99PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.100PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.101PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.102PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.103PCh. 27 - Prob. 27.104P
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- A few hours after the death of an animal, the corpse will stiffen as a result of continued contraction of muscle tissue (this state is called rigor mortis). This phenomenon is the result of the loss of ATP production in muscle tissue.(a) Consult as shown and describe, in terms of the six-step model of muscle contraction, how a lack of ATP in sarcomeres would result in rigor mortis.(b) The Ca2+ transporter in sarcomeres that keeps the [Ca2+]∼10-7 Mrequires ATP to drive transport of Ca2+ ions across the membrane of thesarcoplasmic reticulum. How would a loss of this Ca2+ transport functionresult in the initiation of rigor mortis?(c) Rigor mortis is maximal at ∼12 hrs after death and by 72 hrs is nolonger observed. Propose an explanation for the disappearance of rigormortis after 12 hrs.arrow_forwardThere are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. You were introduced to several classes of organic reactions. These classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones. Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle. List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a sentence or two on how you were able to make the classification.arrow_forwardFor the following carbohydrates, please indicate the TRUE alternative: (a) The carbohydrate V is reducing and is hydrolyzed by an enzyme of the type β galactosidase (b) Carbohydrate VI is not reducing or mutating. (c) Carbohydrates I and IV have β-glucosidic bond, while carbohydrate II has α-glucosidic bond. (d) Carbohydrate III is neither reducing nor hydrolyzed by an α-type enzyme such as maltase. (e) Carbohydrate I is reducing and mutating.arrow_forward
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