Study Guide for Campbell Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134443775
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Michael A. Pollock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 26, Problem 4IQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The reason why the most accepted evolutionary tree shows birds and mammals as separate branches from the reptilian line.
Introduction: The phylogenetic tree, also known as phylogeny, shows the pattern of evolutionary descent of different organisms. It paves the way to know the evolutionary relationship between different species or groups of organisms based on their genetic and physical characteristics.
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In a phylogenetic analysis of several bird species, a researcher uses a species of reptile as an
outgroup. Which of the following is the main reason for including an outgroup in the analysis?
To identify ancestral traits shared by the bird species
To determine the overall genetic diversity of the bird species
To establish a new monophyletic group including both bird and reptile species
To analyze the convergent evolution of bird and reptile species
Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the information in the evolutionary tree shown below?
Each branch point represents the common ancestor
of the two lineages diverging from that point.
Lungfishes
Amphibians
Mammals
Digit-bearing
limbs
Lizards
and snakes
Amnion
Crocodiles
A hatch mark represents a
homologous characteristic
shared by all the groups
to the right of the mark.
Ostriches
Feathers
Hawks and
other birds
O Mammals are more closely related to birds than to amphibians.
O Lizards and crocodiles (both of which have legs) are more closely related to each other than either is to snakes (which lack legs).
O Crocodiles are more closely related to hawks than to lizards.
O Modern lungfishes are the common ancestor of modern tetrapods.
Tetrapods
Amniotes
Reptiles
Birds
Flight evolved two times among the animals in this phylogenetic tree; once in birds, and once in bats (mammals). The branches on
which flight evolved are marked. Please click where flight would have most likely evolved if it were actually a homologous
character
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Flight
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Hagfish
Lampreys
Lobe-finned Fish
Amphibians
Turtles
Lizards
Snakes
Crocodiles
Birds
Mammals
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Chapter 26 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
Ch. 26 - a. In this hypothetical phylogenetic tree, which...Ch. 26 - What two complications may make it difficult to...Ch. 26 - Place the taxa (outgroup. A, B, C, and D) on the...Ch. 26 - Prob. 4IQCh. 26 - a. Give an example of genes that would be compared...Ch. 26 - Prob. 6IQCh. 26 - Prob. 7IQCh. 26 - Prob. 1SYKCh. 26 - Prob. 2SYKCh. 26 - Prob. 3SYK
Ch. 26 - Related families are grouped into the next-highest...Ch. 26 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 26 - A taxon such as the class Reptiliawhich includes...Ch. 26 - You wish to study evolutionary relationships among...Ch. 26 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 26 - Which of the following approaches would allow a...Ch. 26 - A comparative study of which of the following...Ch. 26 - Prob. 18TYKCh. 26 - Which of the following segments of DNA would...Ch. 26 - Which of the following is the best description of...Ch. 26 - Prob. 21TYK
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- 7) Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Select all the statements that are supported by this tree. A) Gray whales are the common ancestor of the Blue and Humpback whales. B) Blue and humpback whales diverged more recently than either did from the gray whale. C) The Bryde's whale shares a more recent common ancestor with the Sei whale than with the Fin whale. D) The blue and the Bryde's whale have more traits in common with each other than with any other two species, E) Southern minke whales and Northern minke whales have more traits in common with each other than with any other species. Not Gradedarrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about the phylogeny of birds and reptiles. Question 35 options: a) Birds are more closely related to amphibians then they are to reptiles. b) Birds are a type of reptile, but are not related to dinosaurs. c) Birds and reptiles are the least related vertebrates. d) Birds are a type of reptile and are descended from a group of dinosaurs.arrow_forwardA study inferred a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on sequence data from a specific gene. Numbers represent bootstrap support values for each clade. Based on the study's findings, how certain should we be that marsupials are sister to placental mammals, rather than monotremes? What number is used to represent this certainty, and how was it calculated?arrow_forward
- draw an evolutionarily accurate phylogenetic tree with the 5 lineages of Amniotes shown in the bottom figure, but with a different arrangement. You can exclude lungfishes and amphibians but include all other lineages. You can do this by swiveling the branches.arrow_forwardThe phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S). How do the results of this analysis compare with the phylogenetic trees in Figures 32.10 and 32.24? Identify the major clades of vertebrates on the tree depicted below. Source: R. Zardoya and A. Meyer. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95:1422614231. Copyright 1998 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.arrow_forwardA 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.arrow_forward
- True or Falsearrow_forwardcreate a cladogram summarizing the phylogenetic relationships among the different Phyla. Take note that some characters may be secondarily lost during the evolution of these different. there is a photo of example of cladogram belowarrow_forwarda) Is there a monophyletic group that includes only the tapir, rhinoceros, and equids (Horses)? If so, which animals are included? b) Is there a monophyletic group that includes only pronghorns and deer? If so, which animals are included? c) Is there a monophyletic that includes pigs and bovidss? If there is, what other animals would be a part of the monophyletic group?arrow_forward
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