It is to be explained that which carbon atom in the benzyl radical possesses the greatest spin density and why. Concept introduction: The breaking of a covalent bond, whereby the electrons making up that bond are distributed equally to the atoms which are disconnected is known as the homolytic bond dissociation or hemolysis, so in hemolysis, generally, radicals are formed. In homolysis, a covalent bond is a breakdown equally and each atom acquires a single electron which is called a radical and a single barbed arrow ( ) is used to represents the movement of a single electron in a homolysis process. In homolysis, the radicals from a breaking of the weakest bond of the molecule give the major products. The weakest bond possesses the smallest bond dissociation energy . The stability order for radicals is methyl radical < 1 o radical < 2 o radical < 3 o radical . Since radicals are electron-poor like carbocation the electron-donating groups increases the stability of radical. In the case of allyl and benzyl radicals the delocalization of the unpaired electron about the entire species.

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Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 25, Problem 25.6P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It is to be explained that which carbon atom in the benzyl radical possesses the greatest spin density and why.

Concept introduction:

The breaking of a covalent bond, whereby the electrons making up that bond are distributed equally to the atoms which are disconnected is known as the homolytic bond dissociation or hemolysis, so in hemolysis, generally, radicals are formed. In homolysis, a covalent bond is a breakdown equally and each atom acquires a single electron which is called a radical and a single barbed arrow () is used to represents the movement of a single electron in a homolysis process. In homolysis, the radicals from a breaking of the weakest bond of the molecule give the major products. The weakest bond possesses the smallest bond dissociation energy. The stability order for radicals is methyl radical < 1oradical < 2oradical < 3oradical. Since radicals are electron-poor like carbocation the electron-donating groups increases the stability of radical. In the case of allyl and benzyl radicals the delocalization of the unpaired electron about the entire species.

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LABORATORY REPORT FORM Part I. Determination of the Formula of a Known Hydrate 1. Mass of empty evaporating dish 3. Mass of hydrate Using subtraction or mass by difference, find the mass of the hydrate 76.96 -75.40 75.40g 76.968 1.568 01.56 76.90 g 2. Mass of evaporating dish + hydrate 4. Mass of evaporating dish + hydrate (after heating) First 76.98 g Third 76.66g Second Fourth (if necessary) 76.60g 5. Mass of anhydrate 6. Mass of water lost by the hydrate 7. Percent of water of hydration (Show Calculations) 8. Moles of water (Show Calculations) mol mass of water = MM of water (g/m) 9. Moles of anhydrate (Show Calculations) 10. Ratio of moles of water to moles of anhydrate 11 F(Show Calculations) 11. Formula of hydrate - Mass of water (g) x 100 % water hydration g g % Mass of hydrate (9) x IC % = (Mass of hydrate- mass of an) mass of hydrate (g) % = (1.569- × 100= mol 1.569 mol Mol Mass of anhydrate/MM of anhydrate 12. What was the color of the hydrate? blue What was the color of the…

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Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 25, Problem 25.6P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It is to be explained that which carbon atom in the benzyl radical possesses the greatest spin density and why.

Concept introduction:

The breaking of a covalent bond, whereby the electrons making up that bond are distributed equally to the atoms which are disconnected is known as the homolytic bond dissociation or hemolysis, so in hemolysis, generally, radicals are formed. In homolysis, a covalent bond is a breakdown equally and each atom acquires a single electron which is called a radical and a single barbed arrow () is used to represents the movement of a single electron in a homolysis process. In homolysis, the radicals from a breaking of the weakest bond of the molecule give the major products. The weakest bond possesses the smallest bond dissociation energy. The stability order for radicals is methyl radical < 1oradical < 2oradical < 3oradical. Since radicals are electron-poor like carbocation the electron-donating groups increases the stability of radical. In the case of allyl and benzyl radicals the delocalization of the unpaired electron about the entire species.

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 25, Problem 25.6P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It is to be explained that which carbon atom in the benzyl radical possesses the greatest spin density and why.

Concept introduction:

The breaking of a covalent bond, whereby the electrons making up that bond are distributed equally to the atoms which are disconnected is known as the homolytic bond dissociation or hemolysis, so in hemolysis, generally, radicals are formed. In homolysis, a covalent bond is a breakdown equally and each atom acquires a single electron which is called a radical and a single barbed arrow () is used to represents the movement of a single electron in a homolysis process. In homolysis, the radicals from a breaking of the weakest bond of the molecule give the major products. The weakest bond possesses the smallest bond dissociation energy. The stability order for radicals is methyl radical < 1oradical < 2oradical < 3oradical. Since radicals are electron-poor like carbocation the electron-donating groups increases the stability of radical. In the case of allyl and benzyl radicals the delocalization of the unpaired electron about the entire species.

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Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 25, Problem 25.6P

Interpretation Introduction