Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781133939146
Author: Katz, Debora M.
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 24, Problem 57PQ
A potassium chloride molecule (KCl) has a dipole moment of 8.9 × 10−30 C·m. Assume the KCl molecule is in a uniform electric field of 325 N/C. What is the change in the system’s potential energy when the molecule rotates
a. from φ = 170° to 180°, b. from φ = 90° to 100°, and c. from φ = 10° to 0°?
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 24 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
Ch. 24.2 - In a few sentences, explain how you know that...Ch. 24.2 - What is the magnitude of the electric field due to...Ch. 24.3 - Which lines in Figure 24.7 cannot represent an...Ch. 24.4 - Figure 24.10 shows a source that consists of two...Ch. 24.4 - A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms...Ch. 24.5 - a. Figure 24.22A shows a rod of length L and...Ch. 24 - The terms electrostatic force and electrostatic...Ch. 24 - Prob. 2PQCh. 24 - A sphere has a charge of 89.5 nC and a radius of...Ch. 24 - Prob. 4PQ
Ch. 24 - A sphere with a charge of 3.50 nC and a radius of...Ch. 24 - Is it possible for a conducting sphere of radius...Ch. 24 - Prob. 7PQCh. 24 - For each sketch of electric field lines in Figure...Ch. 24 - Prob. 9PQCh. 24 - Two large neutral metal plates, fitted tightly...Ch. 24 - Given the two charged particles shown in Figure...Ch. 24 - Prob. 12PQCh. 24 - Prob. 13PQCh. 24 - A particle with charge q on the negative x axis...Ch. 24 - Prob. 15PQCh. 24 - Figure P24.16 shows three charged particles...Ch. 24 - Figure P24.17 shows a dipole. If the positive...Ch. 24 - Find an expression for the electric field at point...Ch. 24 - Figure P24.17 shows a dipole (not drawn to scale)....Ch. 24 - Figure P24.20 shows three charged spheres arranged...Ch. 24 - Often we have distributions of charge for which...Ch. 24 - Prob. 22PQCh. 24 - A positively charged rod with linear charge...Ch. 24 - A positively charged rod of length L = 0.250 m...Ch. 24 - Prob. 25PQCh. 24 - Prob. 26PQCh. 24 - A Find an expression for the position y (along the...Ch. 24 - The electric field at a point on the perpendicular...Ch. 24 - Prob. 29PQCh. 24 - Find an expression for the magnitude of the...Ch. 24 - What is the electric field at point A in Figure...Ch. 24 - A charged rod is curved so that it is part of a...Ch. 24 - If the curved rod in Figure P24.32 has a uniformly...Ch. 24 - aA plastic rod of length = 24.0 cm is uniformly...Ch. 24 - A positively charged disk of radius R = 0.0366 m...Ch. 24 - A positively charged disk of radius R and total...Ch. 24 - A uniformly charged conducting rod of length =...Ch. 24 - Prob. 38PQCh. 24 - Prob. 39PQCh. 24 - Prob. 40PQCh. 24 - Prob. 41PQCh. 24 - Prob. 42PQCh. 24 - What are the magnitude and direction of a uniform...Ch. 24 - An electron is in a uniform upward-pointing...Ch. 24 - Prob. 45PQCh. 24 - Prob. 46PQCh. 24 - A very large disk lies horizontally and has...Ch. 24 - An electron is released from rest in a uniform...Ch. 24 - In Figure P24.49, a charged particle of mass m =...Ch. 24 - Three charged spheres are suspended by...Ch. 24 - Figure P24.51 shows four small charged spheres...Ch. 24 - Prob. 52PQCh. 24 - A uniform electric field given by...Ch. 24 - A uniformly charged ring of radius R = 25.0 cm...Ch. 24 - Prob. 55PQCh. 24 - Prob. 56PQCh. 24 - A potassium chloride molecule (KCl) has a dipole...Ch. 24 - Prob. 58PQCh. 24 - Prob. 59PQCh. 24 - Prob. 60PQCh. 24 - A total charge Q is distributed uniformly on a...Ch. 24 - A simple pendulum has a small sphere at its end...Ch. 24 - A thin, semicircular wire of radius R is uniformly...Ch. 24 - Prob. 64PQCh. 24 - Prob. 65PQCh. 24 - Prob. 66PQCh. 24 - Prob. 67PQCh. 24 - Prob. 68PQCh. 24 - A thin wire with linear charge density =0y0(14+1y)...Ch. 24 - Prob. 70PQCh. 24 - Two positively charged spheres are shown in Figure...Ch. 24 - Prob. 72PQCh. 24 - Prob. 73PQCh. 24 - Prob. 74PQCh. 24 - A conducting rod carrying a total charge of +9.00...Ch. 24 - Prob. 76PQCh. 24 - A When we find the electric field due to a...Ch. 24 - Prob. 78PQCh. 24 - Prob. 79PQCh. 24 - Prob. 80PQCh. 24 - Prob. 81PQCh. 24 - Prob. 82PQ
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