Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 23.6, Problem 2SB
Summary Introduction
To review:
The evidence that suggests that many developmental control genes have been conserved by evolution.
Introduction:
Regardless of the position in the tree of life, most of the animals share homeobox genes that control their development. A large group of similar genes that help in the formation of the structures of the body, either by activating or repressing the expression of other genes, is called homeobox genes. These are collectively clubbed as a “genetic tool kit” that has conserved the developmental control genes through evolution.
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It seems that developmental genetics boils down to a complex network of gene regulation. Try to draw a structure of this network for Drosophila. How many genes do you think are necessary to complete the developmental network for the fruit fly? How many genes do you think are needed for a network to specify one segment? Do you think it is more difficult to identify genes that are involved in the beginning, middle, or end of this network? Suppose you were trying to identify all of the genes needed for development in a chicken. Knowing what you know about Drosophila development, would you first try to identify genes necessary for early development, or would you begin by identifying genes involved in cell differentiation?
Why is an understanding of gene regulation in eukaryotes crucial to an understanding of developmental processes? Explain your answer
How have we discovered that specific genes control development in an organism like Drosophila?
Chapter 23 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 23.1 - What biological materials are the most likely to...Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 23.1 - Prob. 3SBCh. 23.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 23.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 23.3 - Which type of geographical distribution requires...Ch. 23.3 - Why do distantly related species that live in...Ch. 23.4 - What factors might allow a population of organisms...Ch. 23.4 - What events apparently triggered the mass...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 3SB
Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 23.5 - Prob. 2SBCh. 23.6 - Prob. 1SBCh. 23.6 - Prob. 2SBCh. 23.6 - Prob. 3SBCh. 23 - The fossil record: a. provides direct and indirect...Ch. 23 - The absolute age of a geological stratum is...Ch. 23 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 23 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 23 - Biologists believe that the overall similarities...Ch. 23 - The differential growth of body parts is called:...Ch. 23 - Exaptations are traits that: a. prepare some...Ch. 23 - Adaptive radiations often follow mass extinctions...Ch. 23 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 23 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 23 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 23 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 23 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 23 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 23 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 23 - Prob. 1ITD
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- given a situation in which you manipulated a zebrafish embryo by injecting high levels of retinoic acid so that no anterior genes will be expressed. Surprisingly, after embryonic development, you are still able to observed the presence of anterior structures. What could explain this observation? What changes in your experiment would you make to achieve your objective?arrow_forwardWhat role does epigenetics play in the process of genetic evolution?arrow_forwardYou have identified a Drosophila gene that is expressed exclusively in the odd-numbered "stripes" in the cellular blastoderm. Assuming that this gene is not redundant, what would be the most likely phenotype cause by a loss-of-function mutation in this gene? an embryo missing odd numbered segments an adult fly with a second pair of wings instead of halteres an embryo with two anterior ends an embryo missing even-numbered segments an embryo missing larval segments 3-10arrow_forward
- Another way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes? A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryoarrow_forwardHow does the chromosomal genetic system in animals permit both precise control of gene content and expression in cells and an opportunity for enormous amounts of genetic variation?arrow_forwardFigure 13-7 illustrates the expression of the Ultrabithorax(Ubx) Hox protein in developing flight appendages.What is the relationship between where the protein isexpressed and the phenotype resulting from the loss ofits expression (shown in Figure 13-1)?arrow_forward
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- In addition to C. elegans and Drosophila, Zebrafish are also another model organism - and have a spine. We're interested in two phenotypes, a curved spine and a gene that causes skin tumors to form on the fish's skin. We'd like to know if we could use the curved spine as an indicator if a fish may develop tumors (if the genes are linked). We'll assume that each of these traits is controlled by a single gene where: a curved spine is the result of a dominant allele S (and a normal spine is the result of recessive alleless), ⚫ and tumor growth is the result of a recessive allele t (and no tumor growths are a dominant T allele). A testcross is performed with a fish that is heterozygous for both genes and the resulting progeny are given below. TtSs x ttss curved spine & no tumors curved spine & tumors normal spine & no tumors 27 45 normal spine & tumors 30 SUN 50 Are these two genes following Mendelian inheritance patterns? Use Chi-Squared analysis to test them. x2 = (0-6)² 1. X2 value:…arrow_forwardIn plants, floral organs develop from concentric rings of tissue called whorls. Beginning from the most outside ring, whorl 1 develops into sepals, whorl 2 develops into petals, whorl 3 develops into stamens, and whorl 4 develops into carpels. Analogous to the homeotic mutants of Drosophila, recessive mutations were found in genes that encode transcription factors. These mutants change the organ identity of a given whorl to the identity of a different whorl. The following table shows the mutant phenotypes caused by various floral organ mutations found in the genetic model plant, Arabidopsis. Genotype wild-type ap2 lap2 ap3 lap3 ag lag sepals carpels sepals sepals whorls 2 and 3 whorls 3 and 4 whorls 1 and 2 whorls 2 and 4 All four whorls 1 petals stamens sepals petals Based on the table above, which whorls require a functional AG gene. 2 Whorl stamens stamens carpels petals 3 carpels carpels carpels sepals 4arrow_forwardYou isolate a glp-1 mutation of C. elegans and discover that the DNA region encoding the spatial control region (SCR) has been deleted. What will the GLP-1 protein expression pattern be in a four-cell embryo in mutant heterozygotes? In mutant homozygotes?arrow_forward
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