The mechanism of decarboxylation of α-keto acids in presence of 3-amino-2-oxindole has to be proposed. Concept introduction: Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction. Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton. Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton. Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 44P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism of decarboxylation of α-keto acids in presence of 3-amino-2-oxindole has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The possibility of 3-aminoindole over 3-amino-2-oxindole as effective catalyst has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

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PLEASE READ!!! I DONT WANT EXAMPLES, I DONT WANT WORDS OR PARAGRAPHS FOR THE MECHANISM!!! THANKS First image: QUESTION 6. I have to show, with ARROWS and STRUCTURES, the mechanism of the reaction at the bottom. Also I have to show by mecanism why the reaction wouldn't work if the alcohol was primary. I also tried to draw the mechanism, tell me what to change. Please note that its an AMIDE thats formed not an AMINE the nitrogen has ONE hydrogen and one Phenyl-C-Phenyl. I already asked for this mechanism and got as a final product ...-NH2 not whats shown on the picture, thank you Ths second part. QUESTION 3. I just need a way to synthesize the lactone A, I already started please continue from where I left it Second image: I simply need the products, substrates or reagents, thank you

Indicate how to prepare a 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to a slightly alkaline pH.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 44P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism of decarboxylation of α-keto acids in presence of 3-amino-2-oxindole has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The possibility of 3-aminoindole over 3-amino-2-oxindole as effective catalyst has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 44P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism of decarboxylation of α-keto acids in presence of 3-amino-2-oxindole has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The possibility of 3-aminoindole over 3-amino-2-oxindole as effective catalyst has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 44P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism of decarboxylation of α-keto acids in presence of 3-amino-2-oxindole has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The possibility of 3-aminoindole over 3-amino-2-oxindole as effective catalyst has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 44P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism of decarboxylation of α-keto acids in presence of 3-amino-2-oxindole has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The possibility of 3-aminoindole over 3-amino-2-oxindole as effective catalyst has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 44P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism of decarboxylation of α-keto acids in presence of 3-amino-2-oxindole has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 44P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism of decarboxylation of α-keto acids in presence of 3-amino-2-oxindole has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The possibility of 3-aminoindole over 3-amino-2-oxindole as effective catalyst has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The possibility of 3-aminoindole over 3-amino-2-oxindole as effective catalyst has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Catalyst: Substance which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction without getting consumed in the reaction.

Acid Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the donation of a proton.

Base Catalyst: A catalyst which helps in increasing the rate of a particular reaction by the removing a proton.

Nucleophilic catalysis: A catalysis which takes place due to the formation of a covalent bond by a nucleophile with one of the reactants.

Answer 10

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 23.2 - Compare each of the mechanisms listed here with...Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 3P Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 4P Ch. 23.3 - a. Draw the mechanism for the following reaction...Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 7P Ch. 23.5 - Propose a mechanism for the Co2+ catalyzed...Ch. 23.6 - Prob. 9P Ch. 23.7 - Prob. 10P Ch. 23.7 - Prob. 12P Ch. 23.7 - Prob. 13P

Solution Summary: The author explains the mechanism of decarboxylation of -keto acids in presence of 3-amino-2-oxindole.

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Chapter 23 Solutions