(a) Interpretation: An explanation as to why the barrier to the internal rotation about N - phenyl bond in N - methyl - p - nitroaniline is considerably higher than that in N - methylaniline itself is to be stated. Concept introduction: Intermolecular forces are considered as the forces that exist between the atomic moiety carrying dissimilar charges or partial difference in the charges as in the case of dipoles (atoms carrying partial positive and negative charges) and in those which contain hydrogen bonding. The term, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is used when the hydrogen bonding occurs between two or more molecules.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.59AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the barrier to the internal rotation about N- phenyl bond in N- methyl -p- nitroaniline is considerably higher than that in N- methylaniline itself is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Intermolecular forces are considered as the forces that exist between the atomic moiety carrying dissimilar charges or partial difference in the charges as in the case of dipoles (atoms carrying partial positive and negative charges) and in those which contain hydrogen bonding.

The term, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is used when the hydrogen bonding occurs between two or more molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why cis-and trans-1, 3- dimethylpyrrolidine rapidly interconvert is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The cis-and trans-isomersim is also known as geometrical isomerism.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why CH3NH−CH2−NHCH3 is unstable in aqueous solution is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions are the reactions in which one nucleophile is substituted by another nucleophile. These reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. The SN1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the substitution of nucleophile takes place. This reaction takes place in two steps. There is generation of carbocation in the first step and in the second step the nucleophile attacks at the carbocation for the corresponding product.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why given compound exist as the enamine isomer rather than an imine is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The resonance proceeds through delocalization of π-electrons present in the aromatic ring and they provide stability to the structure.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to the fact “Diazotization of 2,4- cyclopentadien -1- amine gives a diazonium salt, which unlike most aliphatic diazonium ions, is relatively stable and does not decompose to a carbocation” is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The formation of diazonium salt from aromatic amines takes place using sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid at low temperatures. This process is known as diazotization. The diazonium salts can be converted to aryl halides using copper halides or aryl cyanides using copper cyanides.

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Leucine is an essential amino acid with the systematic name 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid. It has pai 2.36 and pKa2 = 9.60. H2N-C(R)H-COOH and R is -CH2-CH(CH3)2 A. Draw the condensed structure for leucine, and label all chirality centers with an asterisk. B. How many possible stereoisomers of leucine are there? C. Draw a Fischer projection of L-leucine and label the chirality center(s) as R or S. D. What is the p/ of leucine? E. Draw the structure of the predominant form of leucine at 10.00. F. Draw the structure of the predominant form of leucine at pH = 1.50. G. Leucine is described as an essential amino acid. What does this mean? H. Show the alkyl halide you would use to prepare leucine by the amidomalonate method. =

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.59AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the barrier to the internal rotation about N- phenyl bond in N- methyl -p- nitroaniline is considerably higher than that in N- methylaniline itself is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Intermolecular forces are considered as the forces that exist between the atomic moiety carrying dissimilar charges or partial difference in the charges as in the case of dipoles (atoms carrying partial positive and negative charges) and in those which contain hydrogen bonding.

The term, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is used when the hydrogen bonding occurs between two or more molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why cis-and trans-1, 3- dimethylpyrrolidine rapidly interconvert is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The cis-and trans-isomersim is also known as geometrical isomerism.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why CH3NH−CH2−NHCH3 is unstable in aqueous solution is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions are the reactions in which one nucleophile is substituted by another nucleophile. These reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. The SN1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the substitution of nucleophile takes place. This reaction takes place in two steps. There is generation of carbocation in the first step and in the second step the nucleophile attacks at the carbocation for the corresponding product.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why given compound exist as the enamine isomer rather than an imine is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The resonance proceeds through delocalization of π-electrons present in the aromatic ring and they provide stability to the structure.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to the fact “Diazotization of 2,4- cyclopentadien -1- amine gives a diazonium salt, which unlike most aliphatic diazonium ions, is relatively stable and does not decompose to a carbocation” is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The formation of diazonium salt from aromatic amines takes place using sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid at low temperatures. This process is known as diazotization. The diazonium salts can be converted to aryl halides using copper halides or aryl cyanides using copper cyanides.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.59AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the barrier to the internal rotation about N- phenyl bond in N- methyl -p- nitroaniline is considerably higher than that in N- methylaniline itself is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Intermolecular forces are considered as the forces that exist between the atomic moiety carrying dissimilar charges or partial difference in the charges as in the case of dipoles (atoms carrying partial positive and negative charges) and in those which contain hydrogen bonding.

The term, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is used when the hydrogen bonding occurs between two or more molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why cis-and trans-1, 3- dimethylpyrrolidine rapidly interconvert is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The cis-and trans-isomersim is also known as geometrical isomerism.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why CH3NH−CH2−NHCH3 is unstable in aqueous solution is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions are the reactions in which one nucleophile is substituted by another nucleophile. These reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. The SN1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the substitution of nucleophile takes place. This reaction takes place in two steps. There is generation of carbocation in the first step and in the second step the nucleophile attacks at the carbocation for the corresponding product.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why given compound exist as the enamine isomer rather than an imine is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The resonance proceeds through delocalization of π-electrons present in the aromatic ring and they provide stability to the structure.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to the fact “Diazotization of 2,4- cyclopentadien -1- amine gives a diazonium salt, which unlike most aliphatic diazonium ions, is relatively stable and does not decompose to a carbocation” is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The formation of diazonium salt from aromatic amines takes place using sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid at low temperatures. This process is known as diazotization. The diazonium salts can be converted to aryl halides using copper halides or aryl cyanides using copper cyanides.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.59AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the barrier to the internal rotation about N- phenyl bond in N- methyl -p- nitroaniline is considerably higher than that in N- methylaniline itself is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Intermolecular forces are considered as the forces that exist between the atomic moiety carrying dissimilar charges or partial difference in the charges as in the case of dipoles (atoms carrying partial positive and negative charges) and in those which contain hydrogen bonding.

The term, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is used when the hydrogen bonding occurs between two or more molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why cis-and trans-1, 3- dimethylpyrrolidine rapidly interconvert is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The cis-and trans-isomersim is also known as geometrical isomerism.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why CH3NH−CH2−NHCH3 is unstable in aqueous solution is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions are the reactions in which one nucleophile is substituted by another nucleophile. These reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. The SN1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the substitution of nucleophile takes place. This reaction takes place in two steps. There is generation of carbocation in the first step and in the second step the nucleophile attacks at the carbocation for the corresponding product.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why given compound exist as the enamine isomer rather than an imine is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The resonance proceeds through delocalization of π-electrons present in the aromatic ring and they provide stability to the structure.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to the fact “Diazotization of 2,4- cyclopentadien -1- amine gives a diazonium salt, which unlike most aliphatic diazonium ions, is relatively stable and does not decompose to a carbocation” is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The formation of diazonium salt from aromatic amines takes place using sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid at low temperatures. This process is known as diazotization. The diazonium salts can be converted to aryl halides using copper halides or aryl cyanides using copper cyanides.

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.59AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the barrier to the internal rotation about N- phenyl bond in N- methyl -p- nitroaniline is considerably higher than that in N- methylaniline itself is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Intermolecular forces are considered as the forces that exist between the atomic moiety carrying dissimilar charges or partial difference in the charges as in the case of dipoles (atoms carrying partial positive and negative charges) and in those which contain hydrogen bonding.

The term, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is used when the hydrogen bonding occurs between two or more molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why cis-and trans-1, 3- dimethylpyrrolidine rapidly interconvert is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The cis-and trans-isomersim is also known as geometrical isomerism.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why CH3NH−CH2−NHCH3 is unstable in aqueous solution is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions are the reactions in which one nucleophile is substituted by another nucleophile. These reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. The SN1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the substitution of nucleophile takes place. This reaction takes place in two steps. There is generation of carbocation in the first step and in the second step the nucleophile attacks at the carbocation for the corresponding product.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why given compound exist as the enamine isomer rather than an imine is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The resonance proceeds through delocalization of π-electrons present in the aromatic ring and they provide stability to the structure.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to the fact “Diazotization of 2,4- cyclopentadien -1- amine gives a diazonium salt, which unlike most aliphatic diazonium ions, is relatively stable and does not decompose to a carbocation” is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The formation of diazonium salt from aromatic amines takes place using sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid at low temperatures. This process is known as diazotization. The diazonium salts can be converted to aryl halides using copper halides or aryl cyanides using copper cyanides.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.59AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the barrier to the internal rotation about N- phenyl bond in N- methyl -p- nitroaniline is considerably higher than that in N- methylaniline itself is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Intermolecular forces are considered as the forces that exist between the atomic moiety carrying dissimilar charges or partial difference in the charges as in the case of dipoles (atoms carrying partial positive and negative charges) and in those which contain hydrogen bonding.

The term, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is used when the hydrogen bonding occurs between two or more molecules.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.59AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why the barrier to the internal rotation about N- phenyl bond in N- methyl -p- nitroaniline is considerably higher than that in N- methylaniline itself is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Intermolecular forces are considered as the forces that exist between the atomic moiety carrying dissimilar charges or partial difference in the charges as in the case of dipoles (atoms carrying partial positive and negative charges) and in those which contain hydrogen bonding.

The term, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is used when the hydrogen bonding occurs between two or more molecules.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why cis-and trans-1, 3- dimethylpyrrolidine rapidly interconvert is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The cis-and trans-isomersim is also known as geometrical isomerism.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why cis-and trans-1, 3- dimethylpyrrolidine rapidly interconvert is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The cis-and trans-isomersim is also known as geometrical isomerism.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why CH3NH−CH2−NHCH3 is unstable in aqueous solution is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions are the reactions in which one nucleophile is substituted by another nucleophile. These reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. The SN1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the substitution of nucleophile takes place. This reaction takes place in two steps. There is generation of carbocation in the first step and in the second step the nucleophile attacks at the carbocation for the corresponding product.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why CH3NH−CH2−NHCH3 is unstable in aqueous solution is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The nucleophilic substitution reactions are the reactions in which one nucleophile is substituted by another nucleophile. These reactions depend upon the nucleophilicity and concentration of the nucleophile. The SN1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the substitution of nucleophile takes place. This reaction takes place in two steps. There is generation of carbocation in the first step and in the second step the nucleophile attacks at the carbocation for the corresponding product.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why given compound exist as the enamine isomer rather than an imine is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The resonance proceeds through delocalization of π-electrons present in the aromatic ring and they provide stability to the structure.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to why given compound exist as the enamine isomer rather than an imine is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Isomers are the compounds sharing same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of atoms and molecules. The stereoisomer is two or more compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms. The resonance proceeds through delocalization of π-electrons present in the aromatic ring and they provide stability to the structure.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to the fact “Diazotization of 2,4- cyclopentadien -1- amine gives a diazonium salt, which unlike most aliphatic diazonium ions, is relatively stable and does not decompose to a carbocation” is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The formation of diazonium salt from aromatic amines takes place using sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid at low temperatures. This process is known as diazotization. The diazonium salts can be converted to aryl halides using copper halides or aryl cyanides using copper cyanides.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to the fact “Diazotization of 2,4- cyclopentadien -1- amine gives a diazonium salt, which unlike most aliphatic diazonium ions, is relatively stable and does not decompose to a carbocation” is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The formation of diazonium salt from aromatic amines takes place using sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid at low temperatures. This process is known as diazotization. The diazonium salts can be converted to aryl halides using copper halides or aryl cyanides using copper cyanides.

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.1P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.2P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.3P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.4P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.5P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.6P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.7P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.8P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.9P Ch. 23 - Prob. 23.10P

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