Chapter 23, Problem 23.46EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances ATP, CoA–SH,$\text{FAD}$, and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ that contains one ribose subunit within their structure

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions.ATP,$\text{FAD}$,${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and CoA–SH are examples of a metabolic intermediate.

ATP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ATP consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the three phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds. The structure of ATP is:

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation. The structure of Coenzyme A (CoA) is:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form $\left(\text{FAD}\right)$ and reduced form $\left({\text{FADH}}_2\right)$. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid. The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here, $\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

Answer to Problem 23.46EP

ATP and $\text{FAD}$ consists of one ribose subunit in its structure.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of ATP is:

The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here, $\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. ADP is a nucleotide which further consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the two phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds.

The structure of coenzyme A (CoA) is:

The ribose subunit in each of the metabolic intermediate is highlighted. Here, the structure of $\text{FAD}$ and ATP consist of one ribose units. Hence, the correct answer is $\text{FAD}$ and ATP ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of two ribose unit and coenzyme A (CoA) consist of phosphorylated ribose.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances ATP, CoA–SH,$\text{FAD}$, and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ that contains one phosphorylated ribose subunit within their structure

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions.ATP,$\text{FAD}$,${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and CoA–SH are examples of a metabolic intermediate.

ATP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ATP consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the three phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds.

The structure of ATP is:

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation. The structure of Coenzyme A (CoA) is:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form $\left(\text{FAD}\right)$ and reduced form $\left({\text{FADH}}_2\right)$. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid. The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here, $\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

Answer to Problem 23.46EP

CoA–SH consists of one phosphorylated ribose subunit in its structure.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of CoA–SH is:

The structure of ATP is:

The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. ADP is a nucleotide which further consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the two phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds.

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here, $\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

The phosphorylated ribose subunit in each of the metabolic intermediate is highlighted. Here, the structure ofCoA–SH consists of one phosphorylated ribose unit. Hence, the correct answer is CoA–SH.${\text{NAD}}^{+}$, ATP and $\text{FAD}$ consists of only ribose unit.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances ATP, CoA–SH,$\text{FAD}$, and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ that contains both a ribitol and a ribose subunit within their structure

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions.ATP,$\text{FAD}$,${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and CoA–SH are examples of a metabolic intermediate.

ATP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ATP consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the three phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds. The structure of ATP is:

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation.

The structure of Coenzyme A (CoA) is:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form $\left(\text{FAD}\right)$ and reduced form $\left({\text{FADH}}_2\right)$. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid. The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here, $\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

Answer to Problem 23.46EP

$\text{FAD}$ consists of both ribitol and ribose subunit in its structure.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

The structure of CoA–SH is:

The structure of ATP is:

The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here, $\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. ADP is a nucleotide which further consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the two phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds.

The ribose and ribitol subunit in each of the metabolic intermediate is highlighted. Here, the structure of $\text{FAD}$ consists of both ribose and ribitol unit. Hence, the correct answer is $\text{FAD}$. ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and ATP consists of only the ribose unit. Coenzyme A consist phosphorylated ribose subunit.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances ATP, CoA–SH,$\text{FAD}$, and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ that contains five different kinds of subunits within their structure

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions.ATP,$\text{FAD}$,${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and CoA–SH are examples of a metabolic intermediate.

ATP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ATP consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the three phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds. The structure of ATP is:

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation.

The structure of Coenzyme A (CoA) is:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form $\left(\text{FAD}\right)$ and reduced form $\left({\text{FADH}}_2\right)$. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid. The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here, $\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

Answer to Problem 23.46EP

CoA–SH and $\text{FAD}$ consists of five different kinds of subunit in its structure.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of CoA–SH is:

The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

The structure of ATP is:

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here, $\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. The ADP further consists of the adenine base, ribose sugar unit, and the two phosphate group. Hence, there are four different groups in ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$.

The different kinds of subunit in metabolic intermediate are highlighted Here, the structure of $\text{FAD}$ and CoA-SH consists of four different kinds of subunits Hence, the correct answer is $\text{FAD}$ and CoA-SH. ATP consists of three different kinds of the subunit in its structure and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of four different kinds of the subunit in its structure