Chapter 23, Problem 23.43EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To classify ${\text{FADH}}_2$ molecules as (1) an oxidizing agent, (2) a reducing agent, or (3) neither an oxidizing agent nor a reducing agent.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. ${\text{FADH}}_2$ is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

${\text{FADH}}_2$ is the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid.

Oxidizing agents are those species which gets reduced and oxidizes the other species present in the chemical reaction. Reducing agent is those species which gets oxidized and reduces the other species present in a chemical reaction. Generally, oxidizing agents are electron acceptor and reducing agents are electron donor.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To classify ADP molecules as (1) an oxidizing agent, (2) a reducing agent, or (3) neither an oxidizing agent nor a reducing agent.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. ADP is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

ADP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ADP consists of the adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the two phosphates group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds.

Oxidizing agents are those species which gets reduced and oxidizes the other species present in the chemical reaction. Reducing agent is those species which gets oxidized and reduces the other species present in a chemical reaction. Generally, oxidizing agents are electron acceptor and reducing agents are electron donor.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To classify Coenzyme A molecules as (1) an oxidizing agent, (2) a reducing agent, or (3) neither an oxidizing agent nor a reducing agent.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. Coenzyme A is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation.

Oxidizing agents are those species which gets reduced and oxidizes the other species present in the chemical reaction. Reducing agent is those species which gets oxidized and reduces the other species present in a chemical reaction. Generally, oxidizing agents are electron acceptor and reducing agents are electron donor.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To classify ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ molecules as (1) an oxidizing agent, (2) a reducing agent, or (3) neither an oxidizing agent nor a reducing agent.

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is an example of a metabolic intermediate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP.

Oxidizing agents are those species which gets reduced and oxidizes the other species present in the chemical reaction. Reducing agent is those species which gets oxidized and reduces the other species present in a chemical reaction. Generally, oxidizing agents are electron acceptor and reducing agents are electron donor.