Chapter 22, Problem 62GQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given complex the oxidation number, has to be determined.

Concept introduction: The transition metal atoms have tendency to form complex compounds that are linked to the certain neutral or ionic species which leads to the formation of coordination compounds.

Coordination compounds: The compounds having coordination covalent bonds which form when metal ions react with polar molecules or anions.

Ligands: The ions or molecules that forms coordination covalent bond with metal ions in a coordination compound. Ligands should have minimum one lone pair of electron, where it donates two electrons to the metal. Metal atom accepts the electron pair from a ligand forming a coordination bond.

$Monodentate$ Ligand is ligand which donates only one pair of electrons to form bond with metal. It only makes one bond with metal. Polydentate ligand forms two or more coordination bond with metal ions to form a complex.

The strong-field ligands results in pairing of electrons present in the complex and leads to diamagnetic species , while the low-field ligand do not have tendency to pair up the electrons therefore forms paramagnetic species.

The strong field ligands lead to splitting to a higher extent than the weak field ligands and the wavelength of light absorbed depends on the energy gap that is produced by a particular ligand.

The five d orbitals get divided into two sets that is ${\text{d}}_{\text{xy}}{\text{, d}}_{\text{yz}}{\text{ and d}}_{\text{xz}}$ orbitals forms one set and ${\text{d}}_{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}{\text{-y}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{and d}}_{{\text{z}}^{\text{2}}}$ forms another set. The first set are oriented between the x, y and z axes whereas the second set gets oriented along the axis.

Electronic configuration: It is defined as the distribution of electrons present in the atom over orbitals following certain rules like electrons starts filling the lower energy orbital to higher energy, pairing of electrons does not occur until all the orbitals are singly filled and finally no electrons present in orbital can have same set of quantum numbers.

Oxidation number: It is the number that defines the number of electrons that are gained or lost by the chemical substance.

Isomerism: Two chemical compounds are said to be isomers if they have same number and kind of atoms but different only in their orientation that is structural arrangements.

There are different types of isomerism in which geometric is of one type where the rotation around the atom is restricted like in cis-trans configuration. This is also refereed as cis-trans isomerism.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given complex the coordination number has to be determined.

Concept introduction: The transition metal atoms have tendency to form complex compounds that are linked to the certain neutral or ionic species which leads to the formation of coordination compounds.

Coordination compounds: The compounds having coordination covalent bonds which form when metal ions react with polar molecules or anions.

Ligands: The ions or molecules that forms coordination covalent bond with metal ions in a coordination compound. Ligands should have minimum one lone pair of electron, where it donates two electrons to the metal. Metal atom accepts the electron pair from a ligand forming a coordination bond.

$Monodentate$ Ligand is ligand which donates only one pair of electrons to form bond with metal. It only makes one bond with metal. Polydentate ligand forms two or more coordination bond with metal ions to form a complex.

The strong-field ligands results in pairing of electrons present in the complex and leads to diamagnetic species , while the low-field ligand do not have tendency to pair up the electrons therefore forms paramagnetic species.

The strong field ligands lead to splitting to a higher extent than the weak field ligands and the wavelength of light absorbed depends on the energy gap that is produced by a particular ligand.

The five d orbitals get divided into two sets that is ${\text{d}}_{\text{xy}}{\text{, d}}_{\text{yz}}{\text{ and d}}_{\text{xz}}$ orbitals forms one set and ${\text{d}}_{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}{\text{-y}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{and d}}_{{\text{z}}^{\text{2}}}$ forms another set. The first set are oriented between the x, y and z axes whereas the second set gets oriented along the axis.

Electronic configuration: It is defined as the distribution of electrons present in the atom over orbitals following certain rules like electrons starts filling the lower energy orbital to higher energy, pairing of electrons does not occur until all the orbitals are singly filled and finally no electrons present in orbital can have same set of quantum numbers.

Oxidation number: It is the number that defines the number of electrons that are gained or lost by the chemical substance.

Isomerism: Two chemical compounds are said to be isomers if they have same number and kind of atoms but different only in their orientation that is structural arrangements.

There are different types of isomerism in which geometric is of one type where the rotation around the atom is restricted like in cis-trans configuration. This is also refereed as cis-trans isomerism.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given complex the coordination geometry, oxidation number, unpaired electrons has to be determined.

Concept introduction: The transition metal atoms have tendency to form complex compounds that are linked to the certain neutral or ionic species which leads to the formation of coordination compounds.

Coordination compounds: The compounds having coordination covalent bonds which form when metal ions react with polar molecules or anions.

Ligands: The ions or molecules that forms coordination covalent bond with metal ions in a coordination compound. Ligands should have minimum one lone pair of electron, where it donates two electrons to the metal. Metal atom accepts the electron pair from a ligand forming a coordination bond.

$Monodentate$ Ligand is ligand which donates only one pair of electrons to form bond with metal. It only makes one bond with metal. Polydentate ligand forms two or more coordination bond with metal ions to form a complex.

The strong-field ligands results in pairing of electrons present in the complex and leads to diamagnetic species , while the low-field ligand do not have tendency to pair up the electrons therefore forms paramagnetic species.

The strong field ligands lead to splitting to a higher extent than the weak field ligands and the wavelength of light absorbed depends on the energy gap that is produced by a particular ligand.

The five d orbitals get divided into two sets that is ${\text{d}}_{\text{xy}}{\text{, d}}_{\text{yz}}{\text{ and d}}_{\text{xz}}$ orbitals forms one set and ${\text{d}}_{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}{\text{-y}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{and d}}_{{\text{z}}^{\text{2}}}$ forms another set. The first set are oriented between the x, y and z axes whereas the second set gets oriented along the axis.

Electronic configuration: It is defined as the distribution of electrons present in the atom over orbitals following certain rules like electrons starts filling the lower energy orbital to higher energy, pairing of electrons does not occur until all the orbitals are singly filled and finally no electrons present in orbital can have same set of quantum numbers.

Oxidation number: It is the number that defines the number of electrons that are gained or lost by the chemical substance.

Isomerism: Two chemical compounds are said to be isomers if they have same number and kind of atoms but different only in their orientation that is structural arrangements.

There are different types of isomerism in which geometric is of one type where the rotation around the atom is restricted like in cis-trans configuration. This is also refereed as cis-trans isomerism.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given complex the unpaired electrons per metal atom has to be determined.

Concept introduction: The transition metal atoms have tendency to form complex compounds that are linked to the certain neutral or ionic species which leads to the formation of coordination compounds.

Coordination compounds: The compounds having coordination covalent bonds which form when metal ions react with polar molecules or anions.

Ligands: The ions or molecules that forms coordination covalent bond with metal ions in a coordination compound. Ligands should have minimum one lone pair of electron, where it donates two electrons to the metal. Metal atom accepts the electron pair from a ligand forming a coordination bond.

$Monodentate$ Ligand is ligand which donates only one pair of electrons to form bond with metal. It only makes one bond with metal. Polydentate ligand forms two or more coordination bond with metal ions to form a complex.

The strong-field ligands results in pairing of electrons present in the complex and leads to diamagnetic species , while the low-field ligand do not have tendency to pair up the electrons therefore forms paramagnetic species.

The strong field ligands lead to splitting to a higher extent than the weak field ligands and the wavelength of light absorbed depends on the energy gap that is produced by a particular ligand.

The five d orbitals get divided into two sets that is ${\text{d}}_{\text{xy}}{\text{, d}}_{\text{yz}}{\text{ and d}}_{\text{xz}}$ orbitals forms one set and ${\text{d}}_{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}{\text{-y}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{and d}}_{{\text{z}}^{\text{2}}}$ forms another set. The first set are oriented between the x, y and z axes whereas the second set gets oriented along the axis.

Electronic configuration: It is defined as the distribution of electrons present in the atom over orbitals following certain rules like electrons starts filling the lower energy orbital to higher energy, pairing of electrons does not occur until all the orbitals are singly filled and finally no electrons present in orbital can have same set of quantum numbers.

Oxidation number: It is the number that defines the number of electrons that are gained or lost by the chemical substance.

Isomerism: Two chemical compounds are said to be isomers if they have same number and kind of atoms but different only in their orientation that is structural arrangements.

There are different types of isomerism in which geometric is of one type where the rotation around the atom is restricted like in cis-trans configuration. This is also refereed as cis-trans isomerism.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given complex the the magnetic behavior of the central metal atom has to be determined.

Concept introduction: The transition metal atoms have tendency to form complex compounds that are linked to the certain neutral or ionic species which leads to the formation of coordination compounds.

Coordination compounds: The compounds having coordination covalent bonds which form when metal ions react with polar molecules or anions.

Ligands: The ions or molecules that forms coordination covalent bond with metal ions in a coordination compound. Ligands should have minimum one lone pair of electron, where it donates two electrons to the metal. Metal atom accepts the electron pair from a ligand forming a coordination bond.

$Monodentate$ Ligand is ligand which donates only one pair of electrons to form bond with metal. It only makes one bond with metal. Polydentate ligand forms two or more coordination bond with metal ions to form a complex.

The strong-field ligands results in pairing of electrons present in the complex and leads to diamagnetic species , while the low-field ligand do not have tendency to pair up the electrons therefore forms paramagnetic species.

The strong field ligands lead to splitting to a higher extent than the weak field ligands and the wavelength of light absorbed depends on the energy gap that is produced by a particular ligand.

The five d orbitals get divided into two sets that is ${\text{d}}_{\text{xy}}{\text{, d}}_{\text{yz}}{\text{ and d}}_{\text{xz}}$ orbitals forms one set and ${\text{d}}_{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}{\text{-y}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{and d}}_{{\text{z}}^{\text{2}}}$ forms another set. The first set are oriented between the x, y and z axes whereas the second set gets oriented along the axis.

Electronic configuration: It is defined as the distribution of electrons present in the atom over orbitals following certain rules like electrons starts filling the lower energy orbital to higher energy, pairing of electrons does not occur until all the orbitals are singly filled and finally no electrons present in orbital can have same set of quantum numbers.

Oxidation number: It is the number that defines the number of electrons that are gained or lost by the chemical substance.

Isomerism: Two chemical compounds are said to be isomers if they have same number and kind of atoms but different only in their orientation that is structural arrangements.

There are different types of isomerism in which geometric is of one type where the rotation around the atom is restricted like in cis-trans configuration. This is also refereed as cis-trans isomerism.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given complex, the geometric isomers and the magnetic behavior of the central metal atom has to be determined.

Concept introduction: The transition metal atoms have tendency to form complex compounds that are linked to the certain neutral or ionic species which leads to the formation of coordination compounds.

Coordination compounds: The compounds having coordination covalent bonds which form when metal ions react with polar molecules or anions.

Ligands: The ions or molecules that forms coordination covalent bond with metal ions in a coordination compound. Ligands should have minimum one lone pair of electron, where it donates two electrons to the metal. Metal atom accepts the electron pair from a ligand forming a coordination bond.

$Monodentate$ Ligand is ligand which donates only one pair of electrons to form bond with metal. It only makes one bond with metal. Polydentate ligand forms two or more coordination bond with metal ions to form a complex.

The strong-field ligands results in pairing of electrons present in the complex and leads to diamagnetic species , while the low-field ligand do not have tendency to pair up the electrons therefore forms paramagnetic species.

The strong field ligands lead to splitting to a higher extent than the weak field ligands and the wavelength of light absorbed depends on the energy gap that is produced by a particular ligand.

The five d orbitals get divided into two sets that is ${\text{d}}_{\text{xy}}{\text{, d}}_{\text{yz}}{\text{ and d}}_{\text{xz}}$ orbitals forms one set and ${\text{d}}_{{\text{x}}^{\text{2}}{\text{-y}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{and d}}_{{\text{z}}^{\text{2}}}$ forms another set. The first set are oriented between the x, y and z axes whereas the second set gets oriented along the axis.

Electronic configuration: It is defined as the distribution of electrons present in the atom over orbitals following certain rules like electrons starts filling the lower energy orbital to higher energy, pairing of electrons does not occur until all the orbitals are singly filled and finally no electrons present in orbital can have same set of quantum numbers.

Oxidation number: It is the number that defines the number of electrons that are gained or lost by the chemical substance.

Isomerism: Two chemical compounds are said to be isomers if they have same number and kind of atoms but different only in their orientation that is structural arrangements.

There are different types of isomerism in which geometric is of one type where the rotation around the atom is restricted like in cis-trans configuration. This is also refereed as cis-trans isomerism.