Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 22, Problem 5RQ
Microbial mats.
- are the earliest forms of life on Earth
- obtained their energy and food from hydrothermal vents
- are multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes including mostly bacteria but also archaea
- all of the above
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The microbes discovered in Lake Whillans and Pitch Lake represented a few of the general categories of
microbial life. Drag the images and/or descriptions to their corresponding class to test your understanding of
the main types of microbes.
Photosynthetic
Bacteria
Prokaryotic
organisms used in
genetic engineering
due to their simple
genetic material
Spores
Protozoans
Bacilli
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Fungi
Used by humans
in the production
of some
antibiotics
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Viruses
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Used by humans
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Cysts in tissue
Prokaryotic
organisms used in
genetic engineering
due to their simple
genetic material
Algae
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organisms that may…
What are the flaws ?
Prokaryotes can live in many different environments. Anerobic organisms need oxygen to survive, while aerobic organisms can survive without oxygen. Autotrophs are organisms that can assemble high energy macromolecules for their energy. Chemotrophs are organisms that capture energy from light. Extremophiles are organisms that grow in extreme conditions like boiling water.
Gram-positive bacteria have few layers of peptidoglycan, while gram-negative bacteria have many layers of peptidoglycan and are surrounded by an outer membrane.
Harmful bacteria can cause illness like food poisoning. Helpful bacteria can be used in food production to make yogurt.
The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotes were once free living prokaryotes. This is supported by the mitochondria and cytoplasm since they have their own DNA and ribosomes.
Harmful protists can cause diseases like malaria in humans and downy mildew in plants. Helpful protists can be…
Chapter 22 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 22 - Figure 22.8 Compared to free-floating bacteria,...Ch. 22 - Figure 22.16 Which of the following statements is...Ch. 22 - Figure 22.19 Which of the following statements...Ch. 22 - The first forms of life on Earth were thought to...Ch. 22 - Microbial mats. are the earliest forms of life on...Ch. 22 - The first organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere...Ch. 22 - Halophiles are organisms that require a salt...Ch. 22 - Many of the first prokaryotes to be cultured in a...Ch. 22 - The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a...Ch. 22 - Which of the following consist of prokaryotic...
Ch. 22 - The cell wall is ___________ . interior to the...Ch. 22 - Organisms most likely to be found in extreme...Ch. 22 - Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gramnegative...Ch. 22 - Pseudopeptidoglycan is a characteristic of the...Ch. 22 - The lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) is a...Ch. 22 - Which of the following elements is not a...Ch. 22 - Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical...Ch. 22 - Ammonification is the process by which. ammonia is...Ch. 22 - Plants use carbon dioxide from the air and are...Ch. 22 - Cyanobacteria harness energy from the sun through...Ch. 22 - A disease that is constantly present in a...Ch. 22 - Which of the statements about biofilms is...Ch. 22 - Which of these statements is true? An antibiotic...Ch. 22 - A person in England arrives at a medical clinic...Ch. 22 - MRSA has emerged as a serious infectious disease,...Ch. 22 - Which of these occurs through symbiotic nitrogen...Ch. 22 - Synthetic compounds found in an organism but not...Ch. 22 - Bioremediation includes. the use of prokaryotes...Ch. 22 - In addition to providing yogurt with its unique...Ch. 22 - Describe briefly how you would detect the presence...Ch. 22 - Why do scientists believe that the first organisms...Ch. 22 - A new bacterial species is discovered and...Ch. 22 - Mention three differences between bacteria and...Ch. 22 - Explain the statement that both types, bacteria...Ch. 22 - A scientist isolates a new species of prokaryote...Ch. 22 - Think about the conditions (temperature, light,...Ch. 22 - Farmers continually rotate the crops grown in...Ch. 22 - Imagine a region of soil became contaminated,...Ch. 22 - Explain the reason why the imprudent and excessive...Ch. 22 - Researchers have discovered that washing spinach...Ch. 22 - Your friend believes that prokaryotes are always...Ch. 22 - Many people use antimicrobial soap to kill...
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- The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main component of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside an abandoned California copper mine (Figure 4.11A). F. acidarmanus cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with ironsulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. This reaction dissolves the minerals, so groundwater that seeps into the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. Despite living in an environment with a composition similar to hot battery acid, F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroplasma metabolic enzymes were surprised to discover that most of the cells enzymes function best at very low pH (Figure 4.11B). A. Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this photo, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. Slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea, Ferroplasma acidarmanus. B. pH profiles of four enzymes isolated from F. acidarmus. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells cytoplasmic pH (5.0). What does the dashed line signify?arrow_forwardWhich of these characteristics is NOT shared by bacteria and archaea? Group of answer choices presence of plasma membrane absence of membrane-bound organelles presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall absence of a nucleusarrow_forwardA geneticist's study of a prokaryote determines that the microbe lacks genes for the synthesis of peptidoglycan. The prokaryote is most likely View Available Hint(s) for Part C an archaeon. a thermophile. a protozoan. a bacterium.arrow_forward
- Which of the following would be most likely to help a microbe survive human stomach acid to cause an infection in the intestines? O Peptidoglycan cell walls Endospores Capsules Piliarrow_forwardArchaea are different from Eubacteria are different types of prokaryotes because... Archaea lack a nucleus Archaea are unicellular Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall Archaea do not have ribosomesarrow_forwardConstruct your own concept map using the following words as the concepts. Supply the linking words between each pair of concepts. (Make one concept map for prokaryotic microbes and another for eukaryotic microbes) PROKARYOTIC MICROBES: genus species serotype domain Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete EUKARYOTIC MICROBES: Golgi apparatus chloroplasts cytoplasm endospore ribosomes flagella nucleolusarrow_forward
- Archaea are so named because option1-their cell structure is thought to be more primitive than the cell structure of bacteria option2-they arose from the joining of members from the Archaea and Bacteria Domains. option3-many survive in extreme conditions thought to be similar to ancient earth option4-they are thought to be the first group of prokaryotes to evolve on eartharrow_forwardI took this picture recently of an organism growing on the surface of a rock. What type of organism is this? Protozoan Eubacteri Cyanobacteria Mushroom Lichenarrow_forward. This flowchart helps distinguish among organisms by asking questions that have one of two possible answers. As a result, this flowchart can also be called a dichotomous key (from Greek dikho- 'in two' + temnein 'to cut'). Complete the flowchart by properly placing these genera: Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, and Staphylococcus. You may need to look up additional information about these genera. Gram reaction Rod-shaped Negative Coccus-shaped Rod-shaped Positive Coccus-shaped Acid-fast Not acid-fast Spore-former No sporesarrow_forward
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