Concept explainers
Figure 22.8 Compared to free-floating bacteria, bacteria in biofilms often show increased resistance to antibiotics and detergents. Why do you think this might be the case?
To write:
The bacteria of biofilms show increased resistance to antibiotics and detergents than free-floating bacteria.
Introduction:
The microbial mats or large biofilms may appear as a first prokaryotic life form on Earth, which originated around 3.5 billion years back. These mats are composed of multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea). The primitive microbial mats typically reliant on chemicals from hydrothermal vents to acquire adequate energy and food.
Explanation of Solution
The microbial community is joined together by the extracellular matrix that is a gum-like sticky substance produced by them. The inner bacterial layer is protected by the extracellular matrix and outer layer of cells. The close proximity of cells usually enables the lateral gene transfer, that is, a mechanism of transfer of genes like detergent or antibiotic-resistance genes from one bacterial cell to another. Additionally, an exo-enzyme synthesized by a bacterial cell can destroy antibiotic or detergent and protect neighboring bacteria. This process helps bacterial cells present in the biofilms even if lateral gene transfer does not occur.
Therefore, bacteria present in the biofilms are more resistant to detergent and antibiotic as compared to the free-floating bacteria.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 22 Solutions
Biology 2e
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
College Physics: A Strategic Approach (3rd Edition)
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
Anatomy & Physiology (6th Edition)
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Microbiology: An Introduction
- Imagine you are a botanist. Below are characteristics of a never-before described plant species recently identified as part of the ‘All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory’ (ATBI). Field Notes: Specimen collected from shaded area along stream in South Cumberland State Park (Grundy County, TN). Laboratory Analysis: Body: Large leaves emerging from underground rhizome. Size: 63 cm Chromosomal Analysis: Plant body is diploid—chromosome number of 44. Lignin test: Positive Cuticle: Present Leaves: Present—large with branched veins. Underside has sori (containing haploid spores). Roots: Present—branch from the inside. Stem: Present—vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) present. Life History: Diploid sporophyte dominant generation. Haploid spores germinate into heart-shaped, haploid, gametophyte. Water required for fertilization; no seed is produced. Diploid zygote develops into sporophyte. Explain which domain, kingdom and phylum you believe this plant should be classified…arrow_forwardCUÁ Glycine A C C Newly formed molecule Glycine Arginine Proline Alanine A C C CC G GGAUUGGUGGGGC Structure X I mRNAarrow_forwardAdaptations to a Changing Environment Why is it necessary for organisms to have the ability to adapt? Why is the current environment making it difficult for organisms like the monarch butterfly to adapt? Explain how organisms develop adaptations.arrow_forward
- Artificial Selection: Explain how artificial selection is like natural selection and whether the experimental procedure shown in the video could be used to alter other traits. Why are quail eggs useful for this experiment on selection?arrow_forwardDon't give AI generated solution otherwise I will give you downwardarrow_forwardHello, Can tou please help me to develope the next topic (in a esquematic format) please?: Function and Benefits of Compound Microscopes Thank you in advance!arrow_forward
- Identify the AMA CPT assistant that you have chosen. Explain your interpretation of the AMA CPT assistant. Explain how this AMA CPT assistant will help you in the future.arrow_forwardwhat is the difference between drug education programs and drug prevention programsarrow_forwardWhat is the formula of Evolution? Define each item.arrow_forward
- Define the following concepts from Genetic Algorithms: Mutation of an organism and mutation probabilityarrow_forwardFitness 6. The primary theory to explain the evolution of cooperation among relatives is Kin Selection. The graph below shows how Kin Selection theory can be used to explain cooperative displays in male wild turkeys. B When paired, subordinant males increase the reproductive success of their solo, dominant brothers. 0.9 C 0 Dominant Solo EVOLUTION Se, Box 13.2 © 2023 Oxford University Press rB rB-C Direct Indirect Fitness fitness fitness gain Subordinate 19 Fitness After A. H. Krakauer. 2005. Nature 434: 69-72 r = 0.42 Subordinant Dominant a) Use Hamilton's Rule to show how Kin Selection can support the evolution of cooperation in this system. Show the math. (4 b) Assume that the average relatedness among male turkeys in displaying pairs was instead r = 0.10. Could kin selection still explain the cooperative display behavior (show math)? In this case, what alternative explanation could you give for the behavior? (4 pts) 7. In vampire bats (pictured below), group members that have fed…arrow_forwardExamine the following mechanism and classify the role of each labeled species in the table below. Check all the boxes that applyarrow_forward
- Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax