(a) Interpretation: The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined. Concept introduction: Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b 5 , oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b 5 reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

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The beta-lactamase hydrolyzes the lactam-ring in penicillin. Describe the mechanism of hydrolysis, insuring to include the involvement of S, D, & K in the reaction sequence. Please help

To map the active site of beta-lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Why doesn't D in this hexapeptide not participate in the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring even though S, K, and D are involved in the catalyst?

To map the active site of -lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Using the experimental results described above derive the primary sequence of the active site hexapeptide. Please help!

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 16

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 17

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The precursor of the given unsaturated fatty acid must be determined.

Concept introduction:

Double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, Cyt b₅, oxygen-dependent desaturase, and NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase are responsible for the unsaturation of fatty acids. The desaturase enzyme used here contains a non-heme iron atom and this enzyme is an integral membrane protein.

Answer 18

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Answer 19

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Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 22 - Prob. 1P Ch. 22 - Prob. 2P Ch. 22 - Prob. 3P Ch. 22 - Prob. 4P Ch. 22 - Prob. 5P Ch. 22 - Prob. 6P Ch. 22 - Prob. 7P Ch. 22 - Prob. 8P Ch. 22 - Prob. 9P Ch. 22 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that double bond/bonds can be introduced in the newly synthesized fatty acid by both eukaryotes and prokaryotics.

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