The synthesis of phenol from benzene is to be shown. Concept introduction: The aromaticity of the benzene ring disappears during electrophilic addition reactions. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions grant the permission to incorporate lots of substituents onto an aromatic ring, however, most of the substituent cannot be put in place directly to the aromatic ring. To incorporate these kinds of the substituents on the benzene ring by first using electrophilic aromatic substituents reaction to incorporate different substituents that are subsequently transformed into the desired product. A nitration of benzene is carried out with nitric acid and sulfuric acid, which produce nitrobenzene. The reduction of nitrobenzene yields aniline. The Sandmeyer reaction is the aromatic substitution reaction of an aromatic amino group from the preparation of its diazonium salt using copper salts as the catalyst. Aniline is converted into diazotization, which is then producing the benzenediazonium ion, which can be converted into the target molecule.

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Chapter 22, Problem 22.24P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis of phenol from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

The aromaticity of the benzene ring disappears during electrophilic addition reactions. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions grant the permission to incorporate lots of substituents onto an aromatic ring, however, most of the substituent cannot be put in place directly to the aromatic ring. To incorporate these kinds of the substituents on the benzene ring by first using electrophilic aromatic substituents reaction to incorporate different substituents that are subsequently transformed into the desired product. A nitration of benzene is carried out with nitric acid and sulfuric acid, which produce nitrobenzene. The reduction of nitrobenzene yields aniline. The Sandmeyer reaction is the aromatic substitution reaction of an aromatic amino group from the preparation of its diazonium salt using copper salts as the catalyst. Aniline is converted into diazotization, which is then producing the benzenediazonium ion, which can be converted into the target molecule.

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I have a question about this problem involving mechanisms and drawing curved arrows for acids and bases. I know we need to identify the nucleophile and electrophile, but are there different types of reactions? For instance, what about Grignard reagents and other types that I might not be familiar with? Can you help me with this? I want to identify the names of the mechanisms for problems 1-14, such as Gilman reagents and others. Are they all the same? Also, could you rewrite it so I can better understand? The handwriting is pretty cluttered. Additionally, I need to label the nucleophile and electrophile, but my main concern is whether those reactions differ, like the "Brønsted-Lowry acid-base mechanism, Lewis acid-base mechanism, acid-catalyzed mechanisms, acid-catalyzed reactions, base-catalyzed reactions, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions (E1 and E2), organometallic mechanisms, and so forth."