Chapter 22, Problem 22.40P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The appropriate reagent to carry out the given transformation is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Sulfonation is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The aromatic ring, on reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid (${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ enriched with ${\text{SO}}_{\text{3}}$), undergoes substitution of one of the ring hydrogen by ${\text{SO}}_{\text{3}}\text{H}$ group and forms aryl sulfonic acids ; this is called sulfonation.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The appropriate reagent to carry out the given transformation is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Nitration is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Benzene, on reaction with nitric acid or with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid, undergoes substitution of one of the ring hydrogen by nitro group and forms nitrobenzene; this is called nitration.