The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown. Concept introduction: Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone .

Question

2. A graph shown below shows first ionization energies for elements from H to Ne. First ionization energy/kJ mol 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 T T T T 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atomic number a) Using arguments of electronic structure, explain why ionization energy of Li is much lower than that of H. (2 points) then dips at O. b) Using the same arguments, explain why ionization energy increases from B to N, and (3 points)

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21.14, Problem 21.38P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

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2. A graph shown below shows first ionization energies for elements from H to Ne. First ionization energy/kJ mol 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 T T T T 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atomic number a) Using arguments of electronic structure, explain why ionization energy of Li is much lower than that of H. (2 points) then dips at O. b) Using the same arguments, explain why ionization energy increases from B to N, and (3 points)

Give the name of this compound, including stereochemistry if relevant: CICH2 CH3 Br CH₂CH=CH2 Write in the product, including stereochemistry where relevant, for these reactions. See end of ch. 8, p. 301-303. 1. 03 a) 2-methyl-2-pentene -> 2. Zn, H* Br2 b) 1-ethylcyclopentene -->

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 21.14, Problem 21.38P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 21.14, Problem 21.38P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 21.14, Problem 21.38P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

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Answer 5

Chapter 21.14, Problem 21.38P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

Answer 6

Chapter 21.14, Problem 21.38P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

Answer 7

Chapter 21.14, Problem 21.38P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The conversion of the given starting material to the indicated nitrile is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids. They are made from carboxylic acids by conversion to primary amides followed by the removal of water. The reduction of nitrile by lithium aluminium hydride gives a primary amine and the reaction with that of Grignard reagent gives an imine that hydrolyzes to a ketone.

Answer 12

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Answer 23

Ch. 21.2F - Name the following carboxylic acid derivatives,...Ch. 21.4A - Prob. 21.2P Ch. 21.4A - Prob. 21.3P Ch. 21.4A - Prob. 21.4P Ch. 21.5C - Prob. 21.7P Ch. 21.6 - When ethyl 4-hydroxybutyrate is heated in the...Ch. 21.6 - Propose a mechanism for the following ring-opening...Ch. 21.6 - Prob. 21.15P Ch. 21.7B - Prob. 21.16P Ch. 21.7C - Prob. 21.19P

Solution Summary: The author explains that nitriles are considered as acid derivatives because they hydrolyze to carboxylic acids.

Chapter 21 Solutions