(a) Interpretation: The non-feasibility of given reaction is to be explained. Concept Introduction: Primary alcohol reacts with hydrogen bromide to form alkyl halide . The reaction proceeds via carbocation intermediate formation. Bromide ion acts as nucleophile which attacks the primary carbocation to form alkyl halide. As hydrogen bromide is strong acid so there will be considerable amount of bromide ion present in the reaction mixture. Hydrogen cyanide is a weak acid, so it will not dissociate completely to form cyanide and hydrogen ions. The cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile in the reaction.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.52AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Primary alcohol reacts with hydrogen bromide to form alkyl halide. The reaction proceeds via carbocation intermediate formation. Bromide ion acts as nucleophile which attacks the primary carbocation to form alkyl halide. As hydrogen bromide is strong acid so there will be considerable amount of bromide ion present in the reaction mixture. Hydrogen cyanide is a weak acid, so it will not dissociate completely to form cyanide and hydrogen ions. The cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile in the reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of half ester of adipic acid is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Esterification reaction is a reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester. In the first step, carbonyl oxygen of acid gets protonated, and then the carbocation of acid is formed. In second step, lone pair of oxygen atom of alcohol attacks the carbocation and ester is formed with elimination of water.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of acetic benzoic anhydride is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Anhydride is compound containing two carbonyl functional groups, both connected to same oxygen atom. The dehydration of acid gives anhydride. Anhydride can be formed using acid and acyl chloride.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of saponification of methyl salicylate with one equivalent of NaOH is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Saponification reaction is formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol from an ester. The bond between acid and alcohol is cleaved in the presence of base. It is hydration reaction of esters in presence of hydroxide ions.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of de-amidation reaction of cephalosporin derivative is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Amide bond is formed when a carboxylic acid and an amine undergoes condensation reaction. In the de-amidation reaction, the amide bond is cleaved to form carboxylic acid and amine. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid.

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Using reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOCI (g) 2NO (g) + Cl2 (g) AGº =41. kJ Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 4.50 atm of nitrosyl chloride (NOCI) and 6.38 atm of chlorine (C12) at 212. °C. Answer the following questions about this system: ? rise Under these conditions, will the pressure of NOCI tend to rise or fall? x10 fall Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding NO? In other words, if you said the pressure of NOCI will tend to rise, can that be changed to a tendency to fall by adding NO? Similarly, if you said the pressure of NOCI will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to rise by adding NO? yes no If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate the minimum pressure of NO needed to reverse it. Round your answer to 2 significant digits. 0.035 atm ✓ G 00. 18 Ar

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.52AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Primary alcohol reacts with hydrogen bromide to form alkyl halide. The reaction proceeds via carbocation intermediate formation. Bromide ion acts as nucleophile which attacks the primary carbocation to form alkyl halide. As hydrogen bromide is strong acid so there will be considerable amount of bromide ion present in the reaction mixture. Hydrogen cyanide is a weak acid, so it will not dissociate completely to form cyanide and hydrogen ions. The cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile in the reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of half ester of adipic acid is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Esterification reaction is a reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester. In the first step, carbonyl oxygen of acid gets protonated, and then the carbocation of acid is formed. In second step, lone pair of oxygen atom of alcohol attacks the carbocation and ester is formed with elimination of water.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of acetic benzoic anhydride is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Anhydride is compound containing two carbonyl functional groups, both connected to same oxygen atom. The dehydration of acid gives anhydride. Anhydride can be formed using acid and acyl chloride.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of saponification of methyl salicylate with one equivalent of NaOH is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Saponification reaction is formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol from an ester. The bond between acid and alcohol is cleaved in the presence of base. It is hydration reaction of esters in presence of hydroxide ions.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of de-amidation reaction of cephalosporin derivative is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Amide bond is formed when a carboxylic acid and an amine undergoes condensation reaction. In the de-amidation reaction, the amide bond is cleaved to form carboxylic acid and amine. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.52AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Primary alcohol reacts with hydrogen bromide to form alkyl halide. The reaction proceeds via carbocation intermediate formation. Bromide ion acts as nucleophile which attacks the primary carbocation to form alkyl halide. As hydrogen bromide is strong acid so there will be considerable amount of bromide ion present in the reaction mixture. Hydrogen cyanide is a weak acid, so it will not dissociate completely to form cyanide and hydrogen ions. The cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile in the reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of half ester of adipic acid is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Esterification reaction is a reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester. In the first step, carbonyl oxygen of acid gets protonated, and then the carbocation of acid is formed. In second step, lone pair of oxygen atom of alcohol attacks the carbocation and ester is formed with elimination of water.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of acetic benzoic anhydride is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Anhydride is compound containing two carbonyl functional groups, both connected to same oxygen atom. The dehydration of acid gives anhydride. Anhydride can be formed using acid and acyl chloride.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of saponification of methyl salicylate with one equivalent of NaOH is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Saponification reaction is formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol from an ester. The bond between acid and alcohol is cleaved in the presence of base. It is hydration reaction of esters in presence of hydroxide ions.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of de-amidation reaction of cephalosporin derivative is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Amide bond is formed when a carboxylic acid and an amine undergoes condensation reaction. In the de-amidation reaction, the amide bond is cleaved to form carboxylic acid and amine. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 21.52AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Primary alcohol reacts with hydrogen bromide to form alkyl halide. The reaction proceeds via carbocation intermediate formation. Bromide ion acts as nucleophile which attacks the primary carbocation to form alkyl halide. As hydrogen bromide is strong acid so there will be considerable amount of bromide ion present in the reaction mixture. Hydrogen cyanide is a weak acid, so it will not dissociate completely to form cyanide and hydrogen ions. The cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile in the reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of half ester of adipic acid is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Esterification reaction is a reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester. In the first step, carbonyl oxygen of acid gets protonated, and then the carbocation of acid is formed. In second step, lone pair of oxygen atom of alcohol attacks the carbocation and ester is formed with elimination of water.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of acetic benzoic anhydride is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Anhydride is compound containing two carbonyl functional groups, both connected to same oxygen atom. The dehydration of acid gives anhydride. Anhydride can be formed using acid and acyl chloride.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of saponification of methyl salicylate with one equivalent of NaOH is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Saponification reaction is formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol from an ester. The bond between acid and alcohol is cleaved in the presence of base. It is hydration reaction of esters in presence of hydroxide ions.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of de-amidation reaction of cephalosporin derivative is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Amide bond is formed when a carboxylic acid and an amine undergoes condensation reaction. In the de-amidation reaction, the amide bond is cleaved to form carboxylic acid and amine. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid.

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 21.52AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Primary alcohol reacts with hydrogen bromide to form alkyl halide. The reaction proceeds via carbocation intermediate formation. Bromide ion acts as nucleophile which attacks the primary carbocation to form alkyl halide. As hydrogen bromide is strong acid so there will be considerable amount of bromide ion present in the reaction mixture. Hydrogen cyanide is a weak acid, so it will not dissociate completely to form cyanide and hydrogen ions. The cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile in the reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of half ester of adipic acid is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Esterification reaction is a reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester. In the first step, carbonyl oxygen of acid gets protonated, and then the carbocation of acid is formed. In second step, lone pair of oxygen atom of alcohol attacks the carbocation and ester is formed with elimination of water.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of acetic benzoic anhydride is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Anhydride is compound containing two carbonyl functional groups, both connected to same oxygen atom. The dehydration of acid gives anhydride. Anhydride can be formed using acid and acyl chloride.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of saponification of methyl salicylate with one equivalent of NaOH is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Saponification reaction is formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol from an ester. The bond between acid and alcohol is cleaved in the presence of base. It is hydration reaction of esters in presence of hydroxide ions.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of de-amidation reaction of cephalosporin derivative is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Amide bond is formed when a carboxylic acid and an amine undergoes condensation reaction. In the de-amidation reaction, the amide bond is cleaved to form carboxylic acid and amine. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 21.52AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Primary alcohol reacts with hydrogen bromide to form alkyl halide. The reaction proceeds via carbocation intermediate formation. Bromide ion acts as nucleophile which attacks the primary carbocation to form alkyl halide. As hydrogen bromide is strong acid so there will be considerable amount of bromide ion present in the reaction mixture. Hydrogen cyanide is a weak acid, so it will not dissociate completely to form cyanide and hydrogen ions. The cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile in the reaction.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 21.52AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Primary alcohol reacts with hydrogen bromide to form alkyl halide. The reaction proceeds via carbocation intermediate formation. Bromide ion acts as nucleophile which attacks the primary carbocation to form alkyl halide. As hydrogen bromide is strong acid so there will be considerable amount of bromide ion present in the reaction mixture. Hydrogen cyanide is a weak acid, so it will not dissociate completely to form cyanide and hydrogen ions. The cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile in the reaction.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of half ester of adipic acid is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Esterification reaction is a reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester. In the first step, carbonyl oxygen of acid gets protonated, and then the carbocation of acid is formed. In second step, lone pair of oxygen atom of alcohol attacks the carbocation and ester is formed with elimination of water.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of half ester of adipic acid is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Esterification reaction is a reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester. In the first step, carbonyl oxygen of acid gets protonated, and then the carbocation of acid is formed. In second step, lone pair of oxygen atom of alcohol attacks the carbocation and ester is formed with elimination of water.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of acetic benzoic anhydride is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Anhydride is compound containing two carbonyl functional groups, both connected to same oxygen atom. The dehydration of acid gives anhydride. Anhydride can be formed using acid and acyl chloride.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of synthesis of acetic benzoic anhydride is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Anhydride is compound containing two carbonyl functional groups, both connected to same oxygen atom. The dehydration of acid gives anhydride. Anhydride can be formed using acid and acyl chloride.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of saponification of methyl salicylate with one equivalent of NaOH is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Saponification reaction is formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol from an ester. The bond between acid and alcohol is cleaved in the presence of base. It is hydration reaction of esters in presence of hydroxide ions.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of saponification of methyl salicylate with one equivalent of NaOH is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Saponification reaction is formation of carboxylic acid and alcohol from an ester. The bond between acid and alcohol is cleaved in the presence of base. It is hydration reaction of esters in presence of hydroxide ions.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of de-amidation reaction of cephalosporin derivative is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Amide bond is formed when a carboxylic acid and an amine undergoes condensation reaction. In the de-amidation reaction, the amide bond is cleaved to form carboxylic acid and amine. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The non-feasibility of de-amidation reaction of cephalosporin derivative is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Amide bond is formed when a carboxylic acid and an amine undergoes condensation reaction. In the de-amidation reaction, the amide bond is cleaved to form carboxylic acid and amine. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid.

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.1P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.2P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.3P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.4P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.5P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.6P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.7P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.8P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.9P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the non-feasibility of the reaction of primary alcohol with hydrogen cyanide to form nitrile derivative.

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Chapter 21 Solutions