The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an immediate effect on allele frequencies in a large population is that: a. mutations are random events, and mutations may be eitherbeneficial or harmful. b. mutations usually occur in males and have little effect oneggs. c. many mutations exert their effects after an organism hasstopped reproducing. d. mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatlyoutnumbered by nonmutated alleles. e. most mutations do not change the amino acid sequence of aprotein.

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 21, Problem 1TYK

The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an immediate effect on allele frequencies in a large population is that:

a. mutations are random events, and mutations may be eitherbeneficial or harmful.

b. mutations usually occur in males and have little effect oneggs.

c. many mutations exert their effects after an organism hasstopped reproducing.

d. mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatlyoutnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

e. most mutations do not change the amino acid sequence of aprotein.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Mutations are the changes that occur at the gene level, which includes the insertion, substitution, and replacement of one of the nucleotides in the DNA sequences. These changes are heritable if it occurs in germ cells. Mutations can be deleterious, lethal and neutral, based upon their effects on the gene pool.

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (d) states that mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutilated alleles. New mutations are not that frequent and show no or minimal effect on the allelic frequency in large populations. Mutation happens very rarely, one in millions of the gametes. This results in the outnumbering of the mutated alleles by the nonmutated alleles. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for the incorrect answers:

Option (a) states that mutations are random events which may be either beneficial or harmful. Mutations occur spontaneously, and most of the mutations are not beneficial while there are some mutations which show neutral effects. Mutation can also be beneficial, which are called advantageous mutations. But these events can effect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) states that mutation usually occurs in male and have little effect on eggs. The mutation occurs in the germ cells of both male and female organisms. It can be lethal, as well as, neutral mutation and can also affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) states that many mutations exert their effects after the organism has stopped reproducing. The mutations are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation through reproduction. If the organism stops reproducing, the mutated allele will increase and can affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (e) states that most mutation does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. The mutations in the third nucleotide codon of an amino acid do not change the protein expression. These mutations show fewer effects on the allele frequency. This is not the reason for the immediate effect on allele frequencies. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (a), (b), (c), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that mutations can be spontaneous and occur rarely. These mutations do not affect the allele frequencies of a large group of the population, under as the nonmutated alleles are large in number in comparison to mutated alleles.

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*Example 2: Tracing the path of an autosomal dominant trait Trait: Neurofibromatosis Forms of the trait: The dominant form is neurofibromatosis, caused by the production of an abnormal form of the protein neurofibromin. Affected individuals show spots of abnormal skin pigmentation and non-cancerous tumors that can interfere with the nervous system and cause blindness. Some tumors can convert to a cancerous form. i The recessive form is a normal protein - in other words, no neurofibromatosis.moovi A typical pedigree for a family that carries neurofibromatosis is shown below. Note that carriers are not indicated with half-colored shapes in this chart. Use the letter "N" to indicate the dominant neurofibromatosis allele, and the letter "n" for the normal allele. Nn nn nn 2 nn Nn A 3 N-

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 21, Problem 1TYK

The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an immediate effect on allele frequencies in a large population is that:

a. mutations are random events, and mutations may be eitherbeneficial or harmful.

b. mutations usually occur in males and have little effect oneggs.

c. many mutations exert their effects after an organism hasstopped reproducing.

d. mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatlyoutnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

e. most mutations do not change the amino acid sequence of aprotein.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Mutations are the changes that occur at the gene level, which includes the insertion, substitution, and replacement of one of the nucleotides in the DNA sequences. These changes are heritable if it occurs in germ cells. Mutations can be deleterious, lethal and neutral, based upon their effects on the gene pool.

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (d) states that mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutilated alleles. New mutations are not that frequent and show no or minimal effect on the allelic frequency in large populations. Mutation happens very rarely, one in millions of the gametes. This results in the outnumbering of the mutated alleles by the nonmutated alleles. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for the incorrect answers:

Option (a) states that mutations are random events which may be either beneficial or harmful. Mutations occur spontaneously, and most of the mutations are not beneficial while there are some mutations which show neutral effects. Mutation can also be beneficial, which are called advantageous mutations. But these events can effect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) states that mutation usually occurs in male and have little effect on eggs. The mutation occurs in the germ cells of both male and female organisms. It can be lethal, as well as, neutral mutation and can also affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) states that many mutations exert their effects after the organism has stopped reproducing. The mutations are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation through reproduction. If the organism stops reproducing, the mutated allele will increase and can affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (e) states that most mutation does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. The mutations in the third nucleotide codon of an amino acid do not change the protein expression. These mutations show fewer effects on the allele frequency. This is not the reason for the immediate effect on allele frequencies. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (a), (b), (c), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that mutations can be spontaneous and occur rarely. These mutations do not affect the allele frequencies of a large group of the population, under as the nonmutated alleles are large in number in comparison to mutated alleles.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 21, Problem 1TYK

The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an immediate effect on allele frequencies in a large population is that:

a. mutations are random events, and mutations may be eitherbeneficial or harmful.

b. mutations usually occur in males and have little effect oneggs.

c. many mutations exert their effects after an organism hasstopped reproducing.

d. mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatlyoutnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

e. most mutations do not change the amino acid sequence of aprotein.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Mutations are the changes that occur at the gene level, which includes the insertion, substitution, and replacement of one of the nucleotides in the DNA sequences. These changes are heritable if it occurs in germ cells. Mutations can be deleterious, lethal and neutral, based upon their effects on the gene pool.

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (d) states that mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutilated alleles. New mutations are not that frequent and show no or minimal effect on the allelic frequency in large populations. Mutation happens very rarely, one in millions of the gametes. This results in the outnumbering of the mutated alleles by the nonmutated alleles. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for the incorrect answers:

Option (a) states that mutations are random events which may be either beneficial or harmful. Mutations occur spontaneously, and most of the mutations are not beneficial while there are some mutations which show neutral effects. Mutation can also be beneficial, which are called advantageous mutations. But these events can effect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) states that mutation usually occurs in male and have little effect on eggs. The mutation occurs in the germ cells of both male and female organisms. It can be lethal, as well as, neutral mutation and can also affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) states that many mutations exert their effects after the organism has stopped reproducing. The mutations are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation through reproduction. If the organism stops reproducing, the mutated allele will increase and can affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (e) states that most mutation does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. The mutations in the third nucleotide codon of an amino acid do not change the protein expression. These mutations show fewer effects on the allele frequency. This is not the reason for the immediate effect on allele frequencies. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (a), (b), (c), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that mutations can be spontaneous and occur rarely. These mutations do not affect the allele frequencies of a large group of the population, under as the nonmutated alleles are large in number in comparison to mutated alleles.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 21, Problem 1TYK

The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an immediate effect on allele frequencies in a large population is that:

a. mutations are random events, and mutations may be eitherbeneficial or harmful.

b. mutations usually occur in males and have little effect oneggs.

c. many mutations exert their effects after an organism hasstopped reproducing.

d. mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatlyoutnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

e. most mutations do not change the amino acid sequence of aprotein.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Mutations are the changes that occur at the gene level, which includes the insertion, substitution, and replacement of one of the nucleotides in the DNA sequences. These changes are heritable if it occurs in germ cells. Mutations can be deleterious, lethal and neutral, based upon their effects on the gene pool.

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (d) states that mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutilated alleles. New mutations are not that frequent and show no or minimal effect on the allelic frequency in large populations. Mutation happens very rarely, one in millions of the gametes. This results in the outnumbering of the mutated alleles by the nonmutated alleles. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for the incorrect answers:

Option (a) states that mutations are random events which may be either beneficial or harmful. Mutations occur spontaneously, and most of the mutations are not beneficial while there are some mutations which show neutral effects. Mutation can also be beneficial, which are called advantageous mutations. But these events can effect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) states that mutation usually occurs in male and have little effect on eggs. The mutation occurs in the germ cells of both male and female organisms. It can be lethal, as well as, neutral mutation and can also affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) states that many mutations exert their effects after the organism has stopped reproducing. The mutations are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation through reproduction. If the organism stops reproducing, the mutated allele will increase and can affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (e) states that most mutation does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. The mutations in the third nucleotide codon of an amino acid do not change the protein expression. These mutations show fewer effects on the allele frequency. This is not the reason for the immediate effect on allele frequencies. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (a), (b), (c), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that mutations can be spontaneous and occur rarely. These mutations do not affect the allele frequencies of a large group of the population, under as the nonmutated alleles are large in number in comparison to mutated alleles.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Mutations are the changes that occur at the gene level, which includes the insertion, substitution, and replacement of one of the nucleotides in the DNA sequences. These changes are heritable if it occurs in germ cells. Mutations can be deleterious, lethal and neutral, based upon their effects on the gene pool.

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (d) states that mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutilated alleles. New mutations are not that frequent and show no or minimal effect on the allelic frequency in large populations. Mutation happens very rarely, one in millions of the gametes. This results in the outnumbering of the mutated alleles by the nonmutated alleles. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for the incorrect answers:

Option (a) states that mutations are random events which may be either beneficial or harmful. Mutations occur spontaneously, and most of the mutations are not beneficial while there are some mutations which show neutral effects. Mutation can also be beneficial, which are called advantageous mutations. But these events can effect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) states that mutation usually occurs in male and have little effect on eggs. The mutation occurs in the germ cells of both male and female organisms. It can be lethal, as well as, neutral mutation and can also affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) states that many mutations exert their effects after the organism has stopped reproducing. The mutations are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation through reproduction. If the organism stops reproducing, the mutated allele will increase and can affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (e) states that most mutation does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. The mutations in the third nucleotide codon of an amino acid do not change the protein expression. These mutations show fewer effects on the allele frequency. This is not the reason for the immediate effect on allele frequencies. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (a), (b), (c), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that mutations can be spontaneous and occur rarely. These mutations do not affect the allele frequencies of a large group of the population, under as the nonmutated alleles are large in number in comparison to mutated alleles.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Mutations are the changes that occur at the gene level, which includes the insertion, substitution, and replacement of one of the nucleotides in the DNA sequences. These changes are heritable if it occurs in germ cells. Mutations can be deleterious, lethal and neutral, based upon their effects on the gene pool.

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (d) states that mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutilated alleles. New mutations are not that frequent and show no or minimal effect on the allelic frequency in large populations. Mutation happens very rarely, one in millions of the gametes. This results in the outnumbering of the mutated alleles by the nonmutated alleles. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for the incorrect answers:

Option (a) states that mutations are random events which may be either beneficial or harmful. Mutations occur spontaneously, and most of the mutations are not beneficial while there are some mutations which show neutral effects. Mutation can also be beneficial, which are called advantageous mutations. But these events can effect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) states that mutation usually occurs in male and have little effect on eggs. The mutation occurs in the germ cells of both male and female organisms. It can be lethal, as well as, neutral mutation and can also affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) states that many mutations exert their effects after the organism has stopped reproducing. The mutations are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation through reproduction. If the organism stops reproducing, the mutated allele will increase and can affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (e) states that most mutation does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. The mutations in the third nucleotide codon of an amino acid do not change the protein expression. These mutations show fewer effects on the allele frequency. This is not the reason for the immediate effect on allele frequencies. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (a), (b), (c), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that mutations can be spontaneous and occur rarely. These mutations do not affect the allele frequencies of a large group of the population, under as the nonmutated alleles are large in number in comparison to mutated alleles.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Mutations are the changes that occur at the gene level, which includes the insertion, substitution, and replacement of one of the nucleotides in the DNA sequences. These changes are heritable if it occurs in germ cells. Mutations can be deleterious, lethal and neutral, based upon their effects on the gene pool.

Answer 12

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

Mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutated alleles.

Answer 13

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (d) states that mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatly outnumbered by nonmutilated alleles. New mutations are not that frequent and show no or minimal effect on the allelic frequency in large populations. Mutation happens very rarely, one in millions of the gametes. This results in the outnumbering of the mutated alleles by the nonmutated alleles. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

Explanation for the incorrect answers:

Option (a) states that mutations are random events which may be either beneficial or harmful. Mutations occur spontaneously, and most of the mutations are not beneficial while there are some mutations which show neutral effects. Mutation can also be beneficial, which are called advantageous mutations. But these events can effect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) states that mutation usually occurs in male and have little effect on eggs. The mutation occurs in the germ cells of both male and female organisms. It can be lethal, as well as, neutral mutation and can also affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) states that many mutations exert their effects after the organism has stopped reproducing. The mutations are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation through reproduction. If the organism stops reproducing, the mutated allele will increase and can affect the allele frequency. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (e) states that most mutation does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. The mutations in the third nucleotide codon of an amino acid do not change the protein expression. These mutations show fewer effects on the allele frequency. This is not the reason for the immediate effect on allele frequencies. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (a), (b), (c), and (e) are incorrect.

Answer 14

Conclusion

It can be concluded that mutations can be spontaneous and occur rarely. These mutations do not affect the allele frequencies of a large group of the population, under as the nonmutated alleles are large in number in comparison to mutated alleles.

Answer 15

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Answer to Problem 1TYK

Explanation of Solution

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