Foundations of Astronomy (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399920
Author: Michael A. Seeds, Dana Backman
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 21, Problem 10P
To determine
The ratio of the velocity of
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What is the escape velocity is km/s from Venus' exosphere, which begins about 202 km above the surface ? Assume the gravitational constant is G= 6.67 x10-11m3 kg-1s-2, and that's Venus has a mass of 5.2e+24 kg and a radius of 6500.0 km
1. (a) Calculate thermal escape times for H,
He, and H2O on Mars with exosphere
temperatures of 210 K and 1000 K.
Comment on the volatile history on Mars if
transient events ever heated its exosphere
to 1,000 K for 1 My (b)Why is the calculation
inadequate to fully explain the escape of
Martian volatiles?
Since Mars has an atmosphere and it is composed mostly of a greenhouse gas, why isn't there a significant greenhouse
effect to warm its surface?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Foundations of Astronomy (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 21 - Describe four ways Venus is similar to Earth...Ch. 21 - Why might you expect that Venuss surface...Ch. 21 - Describe and explain changes in Venuss surface...Ch. 21 - Describe sources and sinks of CO2, if any, on...Ch. 21 - Does Venuss surface experience meteorite impacts...Ch. 21 - Describe evidence of crustal movement (horizontal...Ch. 21 - Why isnt the crust of Venus broken into mobile...Ch. 21 - Do either Venus or Mars have composite volcanoes?...Ch. 21 - What evidence can you give that Venus once had...Ch. 21 - What evidence shows that Venus has been resurfaced...
Ch. 21 - Describe four ways Mars is similar to Earth today....Ch. 21 - How are todays atmospheres of Venus and Mars...Ch. 21 - Where is the oxygen on Mars today? How do you...Ch. 21 - Why doesnt Mars have folded mountain ranges like...Ch. 21 - Why isnt the crust of Mars broken into mobile...Ch. 21 - What were the canals on Mars eventually found to...Ch. 21 - How can planetary scientists estimate the ages of...Ch. 21 - Propose an explanation for the nearly pure CO2...Ch. 21 - Prob. 19RQCh. 21 - Describe sources and sinks of CO2, if any, on Mars...Ch. 21 - Does Marss surface experience any meteorite...Ch. 21 - Describe evidence of crustal movement (horizontal...Ch. 21 - What surface features on Mars today indicate that...Ch. 21 - Why are Phobos and Deimos non-spherical? Why is...Ch. 21 - How are a weather radar map and an image of a...Ch. 21 - Atmospheric jet streams on Venus travel at about...Ch. 21 - How long would radio signals take to travel from...Ch. 21 - What is the maximum angular diameter of Venus as...Ch. 21 - The Pioneer Venus orbiter circled Venus with a...Ch. 21 - Calculate the velocity of Venus as it orbits the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 6PCh. 21 - If the Magellan spacecraft transmitted radio...Ch. 21 - Prob. 8PCh. 21 - What is the angular size of Phobos observed from...Ch. 21 - Prob. 10PCh. 21 - Prob. 11PCh. 21 - Deimos is about 13 km in diameter and has a...Ch. 21 - Prob. 1SOPCh. 21 - Mercury averages only 0.39 AU from the Sun, Venus...Ch. 21 - The radius of Mars is about 3400 km, and its moons...Ch. 21 - Look at Figure 21-1. Compare temperature profiles...Ch. 21 - Look at the map of the Hawaiian chain of islands...Ch. 21 - Look at Figure 21-11. Which molecule(s) can escape...Ch. 21 - Volcano Sif Mons on Venus is shown in this radar...Ch. 21 - Olympus Mons on Mars is an enormous volcano. In...
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- The runaway greenhouse effect and its inverse, the runaway refrigerator effect, have led to harsh, uninhabitable conditions on Venus and Mars. Does the greenhouse effect always cause climate changes leading to loss of water and life? Give a reason for your answer.arrow_forwardHow are todays atmospheres of Venus and Mars similar? How are they different?arrow_forwardDescribe sources and sinks of CO2, if any, on Mars today.arrow_forward
- One source of information about Mars has been the analysis of meteorites from Mars. Since no samples from Mars have ever been returned to Earth from any of the missions we sent there, how do we know these meteorites are from Mars? What information have they revealed about Mars?arrow_forwardWhy do small planets cool faster than large planets? Choose any two of the five Terrestrial worlds and calculate for each one the ratio of its surface area to its volume. Why is this ratio important? (Hint: Does this ratio have anything to do with the ability of a planet to lose internal heat?) (Note: The surface area of a sphere is 4r2, and the volume of a sphere is 43r3.)arrow_forwardCompare the current atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars in terms of composition, thickness (and pressure at the surface), and the greenhouse effect.arrow_forward
- Explain the runaway refrigerator effect and the role it may have played in the evolution of Mars.arrow_forwardPropose an explanation for the nearly pure CO2 atmospheres of Venus and Mars. Why is Earths atmosphere different?arrow_forwardWe believe that all of the terrestrial planets had similar histories when it comes to impacts from space. Explain how this idea can be used to date the formation of the martian highlands, the martian basins, and the Tharsis volcanoes. How certain are the ages derived for these features (in other words, how do we check the ages we derive from this method)?arrow_forward
- Calculate polar flattening for Mars with polar radius 3376.2 km, and equatorial radius 3396.2 km.arrow_forwardAccording to http://hyperphysics.phy-str.gsu.edu/hbase/solar/venusenv.html, the atmosphere of Venus is approximately 96.5% CO2 and 3.5% N2 by volume. On the surface, where the temperature is about 750 K and the pressure is about 90 atm, what is the density of the atmosphere?arrow_forwardAssume that Venus has an isothermal atmosphere with a surface temperature of 750 K. The surface pressure of Venus is 90 times the Earth's surface pressure which is about 1013mb. Also assume that the carbon dioxide dominant atmosphere of Venus is photodissociated and oxygen atoms are produced. These oxygen atoms stop the solar wind at the ionopause distance where the atmospheric pressure of Venus and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind are in balance. Accordingly, calculate the lonopause distance of the planet Venus if the solar wind density is 7 #/cm² and solar wind speed is 410 km/sec.arrow_forward
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