Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20.2, Problem 1HYEW
Unpleasant breath odors are caused mainly by prokaryotes that live in the mouth. The warm, moist human mouth cavity hosts a diverse microbial community that includes more than 2,000 prokaryote species. Many of these species acquire energy and nutrients by breaking down mucus, food particles, and dead cells.
The by-products of this breakdown can include foul-smelling gases, some of which are also emitted by feces or decaying bodies.
The highest concentration of bad-breath prokaryotes is found at the base of the tongue. This location may be especially hospitable to microbes owing to the accumulation of mucus that drains down into the back of the throat from the nose. So, if you gargle with antiseptic mouthwash to control bad breath, thrust your tongue forward so the mouthwash can reach the base of your tongue.
What Causes Bad Breath?
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calculate the questions showing the solution including variables,unit and equations all the questiosn below using the data
a) B1,
b) B2,
c) hybrid rate constant (1)
d) hybrid rate constant (2)
e) t1/2,dist
f) t1/2,elim
g) k10
h) k12
i) k21
j) initial concentration (C0)
k) central compartment volume (V1)
l) steady-state volume (Vss)
m) clearance (CL) AUC (0→10 min) using trapezoidal rule
n) AUC (20→30 min) using trapezoidal rule
o) AUCtail (AUC360→∞)
p) total AUC (using short cut method)
q) volume from AUC (VAUC)
Chapter 20 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 20.1 - describe some differences between bacteria and...Ch. 20.1 - describe the typical sizes and shapes of...Ch. 20.2 - Unwelcome Dinner Guests A few of the bacteria that...Ch. 20.2 - describe the range of environments inhabited by...Ch. 20.2 - As part of a study on the relationship between...Ch. 20.2 - Unpleasant breath odors are caused mainly by...Ch. 20.2 - What might explain the observation that most...Ch. 20.2 - describe adaptations that help protect prokaryotes...Ch. 20.2 - Some of the enzymes that have important uses in...Ch. 20.2 - explain how prokaryotes reproduce and exchange...
Ch. 20.2 - What is the main advantage of prokaryotic fission,...Ch. 20.3 - Unwelcome Dinner Guests Many of the bacteria...Ch. 20.3 - explain how prokaryotes affect animal and plant...Ch. 20.3 - If all of Earths nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes were...Ch. 20.3 - explain prokaryotes role in nutrient recycling?Ch. 20.3 - describe how prokaryotes help clean up pollution?Ch. 20.3 - describe some of the pathogenic bacteria that...Ch. 20.4 - Unwelcome Dinner Guests How do harmful bacteria...Ch. 20.4 - describe the structure and characteristics of...Ch. 20.4 - Why are viruses unable to replicate outside of a...Ch. 20.4 - describe the effects they can have on host...Ch. 20.4 - Biotechnologists often use viruses to transfer...Ch. 20 - Prob. 1ACCh. 20 - ____________, have peptidoglycan in...Ch. 20 - The name of the process by which DNA is...Ch. 20 - Describe some of the ways in which prokaryotes...Ch. 20 - Before the discovery of prions, many (perhaps...Ch. 20 - Prokaryotic cells are ____________,...Ch. 20 - A community of prokaryotes surrounded by slime and...Ch. 20 - What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and what role...Ch. 20 - Many prokaryotes use ____________ to move about....Ch. 20 - Which of the following statements about archaea is...Ch. 20 - Describe some of the extreme environments in which...Ch. 20 - ____________,bacteria inhabit environments that...Ch. 20 - Viruses a. are usually photosynthetic. b. consist...Ch. 20 - What is an endospore? What is its function?Ch. 20 - Prokaryotes reproduce by ____________ and may...Ch. 20 - Applying fertilizer near an oil spill to Increase...Ch. 20 - What is conjugation? What role do plasmids play in...Ch. 20 - The plant nutrient ammonium is produced by...Ch. 20 - Why are prokaryotes especially useful in...Ch. 20 - Cholera, gonorrhea, and pneumonia are some of the...Ch. 20 - Describe the structure of a typical virus. How do...Ch. 20 - A virus consists of a molecule of __________ or...Ch. 20 - Describe some examples of how prokaryotes are...Ch. 20 - How do archaea and bacteria differ? How do...
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