Water evaporation processes from a puddle is considered as spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained. Concept introduction: Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases. In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Water evaporation processes from a puddle is considered as spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A lion chases an antelope this process is spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An isotope undergoes radioactive disintegration, this process is spontaneous or non- spontaneous, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Water evaporation processes from a puddle is considered as spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A lion chases an antelope this process is spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An isotope undergoes radioactive disintegration, this process is spontaneous or non- spontaneous, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Water evaporation processes from a puddle is considered as spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A lion chases an antelope this process is spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An isotope undergoes radioactive disintegration, this process is spontaneous or non- spontaneous, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Water evaporation processes from a puddle is considered as spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A lion chases an antelope this process is spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An isotope undergoes radioactive disintegration, this process is spontaneous or non- spontaneous, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Water evaporation processes from a puddle is considered as spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A lion chases an antelope this process is spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An isotope undergoes radioactive disintegration, this process is spontaneous or non- spontaneous, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Water evaporation processes from a puddle is considered as spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 20.8P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Water evaporation processes from a puddle is considered as spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A lion chases an antelope this process is spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A lion chases an antelope this process is spontaneous or not, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An isotope undergoes radioactive disintegration, this process is spontaneous or non- spontaneous, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An isotope undergoes radioactive disintegration, this process is spontaneous or non- spontaneous, the reason should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 20.1AFP Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 20.1BFP Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 20.2AFP Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 20.2BFP Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 20.3AFP Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 20.3BFP Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 20.4AFP Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 20.4BFP Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 20.5AFP Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 20.5BFP

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