Chapter 20, Problem 20.65P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The quantity which is represented by ‘x’ on the graph has to be given if the reactants and products are in their standard states.

Concept introduction:

Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work.  The free energy is represented by the letter $\text{G}$.  All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system.  The standard free energy change ${\text{(ΔG}}^{\text{°}}{}_{\text{rxn}})$ is the difference in free energy of the reactants and products in their standard state.

${\text{ΔG}}^{\text{°}}{}_{\text{rxn}}\text{=}{\displaystyle \sum {\text{mΔG}}_{\text{f}}{}^{\text{°}}}\text{(Products)-}{\displaystyle \sum {\text{nΔG}}_{\text{f}}{}^{\text{°}}}\text{(Reactants)}$

Where,

  ${\text{nΔG}}_{\text{f}}{{}^{\text{°}}}_{\left(\text{Reactants}\right)}$ is the standard entropy of the reactants

  ${\text{mΔG}}_{\text{f}}{{}^{\text{°}}}_{\left(\text{products}\right)}$ is the standard free energy of the products

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In which scene represented point ‘1’ on the given image and reason has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work.  The free energy is represented by the letter $\text{G}$.  All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system.  The standard free energy change ${\text{(ΔG}}^{\text{°}}{}_{\text{rxn}})$ is the difference in free energy of the reactants and products in their standard state.

${\text{ΔG}}^{\text{°}}{}_{\text{rxn}}\text{=}{\displaystyle \sum {\text{mΔG}}_{\text{f}}{}^{\text{°}}}\text{(Products)-}{\displaystyle \sum {\text{nΔG}}_{\text{f}}{}^{\text{°}}}\text{(Reactants)}$

Where,

  ${\text{nΔG}}_{\text{f}}{{}^{\text{°}}}_{\left(\text{Reactants}\right)}$ is the standard entropy of the reactants

  ${\text{mΔG}}_{\text{f}}{{}^{\text{°}}}_{\left(\text{products}\right)}$ is the standard free energy of the products

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In which scene represented point ‘2’ on the given image and reason has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work.  The free energy is represented by the letter $\text{G}$.  All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system.  The standard free energy change ${\text{(ΔG}}^{\text{°}}{}_{\text{rxn}})$ is the difference in free energy of the reactants and products in their standard state.

${\text{ΔG}}^{\text{°}}{}_{\text{rxn}}\text{=}{\displaystyle \sum {\text{mΔG}}_{\text{f}}{}^{\text{°}}}\text{(Products)-}{\displaystyle \sum {\text{nΔG}}_{\text{f}}{}^{\text{°}}}\text{(Reactants)}$

Where,

  ${\text{nΔG}}_{\text{f}}{{}^{\text{°}}}_{\left(\text{Reactants}\right)}$ is the standard entropy of the reactants

  ${\text{mΔG}}_{\text{f}}{{}^{\text{°}}}_{\left(\text{products}\right)}$ is the standard free energy of the products