![Genetics: From Genes to Genomes](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781259700903/9781259700903_largeCoverImage.gif)
For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.
a. | mitogenic growth | 1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
b. | tumor-suppressor | 2. | programmed cell death genes |
c. | cyclin-dependent | 3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
d. | apoptosis | 4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
e. | oncogenes | 5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
f. | growth factor | 6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
g. | signal transduction | 7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
h. | checkpoints | 8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
i. | cyclins | 9. | protein that binds a hormone |
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “mitogenic growth” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Some factors associated with the mitogenic growth helps in the regulation of cell cycle.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Mitogenic growth: Signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1
Explanation of Solution
The mitogenic growth factors regulate the cell cycle. These factors gives signals to cell to leave G0 and enter G1 phase of cell cycle.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “tumor suppressor” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
The process of proliferation of cells are blocked by the tumor suppressor genes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Tumor suppressure: Mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
Explanation of Solution
The tumor-suppressor genes are the genes which restrict the cell proliferation. The mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level and can cause cancer.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “cyclin dependent” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Cyclin dependent enzymes are those that helps in the phophorylation of the proteins.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Cyclin-dependent: Cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
Explanation of Solution
The cyclin dependent protein kinases regulate the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins. The phoshphorylation of the other proteins happens through signal transduction cascade mechanism.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “apoptosis” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
The phenomenone of specific programmed cell death is referred to as apoptosis.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death genes
Explanation of Solution
Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. It sustain the balance of cells in the human body which is important for the immune system.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “oncogenes” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Mutation process in the oncogenes results in the cancer.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
Explanation of Solution
The oncogenes occur as protooncogenes at a cellular level. The protooncogenes carry normal function of cell proliferation. The mutations in the oncogenes causes cancer. It results in unlimited growth of cells.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “growth factors” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Some receptor that are most oftenly present on the surface of cells and are associated with the growth are referrd to as growth factors.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Growth factor: Protein that binds a hormone
Explanation of Solution
Growth factor receptors are present on the cell surface. The growth factor binds with these receptors to trigger the signal transduction cascade.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Series of steps or sequence of reactions is called signal transduction.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Signal transduction: Series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
Explanation of Solution
Signal transduction is a sequence of reactions through which a message is transmitted. The reactions are stimulated by the interaction between the cell and its surface receptor.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “checkpoints” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Check points are referred to as the check points and are present througout the cell cycle.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Checkpoints: Control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
Explanation of Solution
The cell has a repair mechanism to correct the DNA damage. These control points are called as check points. Different checkpoints are present throughout the cycle so that mutated DNA is not divided or replicated.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “cyclins” among the options given below.
1. | mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation |
2. | programmed cell death genes |
3. | series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted |
4. | proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle |
5. | control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage |
6. | mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation |
7. | signals a cell to leave G0 and enter G1 |
8. | cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins |
9. | protein that binds a hormone |
Introduction:
Some proteins are used for the regulation or control of transition of cell cycle ans are called cyclins.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Cyclins: Proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
Explanation of Solution
The cyclin dependant kinases are the protein kinases which control the transition of the cell cycle. The cyclin protein is responsible for the function of cyclin dependent kinases.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 20 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- During in vitro polymerization of actin and microtubule filaments from their subunits, what causes the initial delay in filament growth? A.Nucleation B.Reaching homeostasis C.Nucleotide exchange D.ATP or GTP hydrolysis E.Treadmillingarrow_forwardYou expect to find which of the following in the Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)...(mark all that apply) A. Gamma tubulin B. XMAP215 C. Centrioles D. Kinesin-13arrow_forwardThe actin-nucleating protein formin has flexible “arms” containing binding sites that help recruit subunits in order to enhance microfilament polymerization. What protein binds these sites? A.Thymosin B.Profilin C.Cofilin D.Actin E.Tropomodulinarrow_forward
- While investigating an unidentified motor protein, you discover that it has two heads that bind to actin. Based on this information, you could confidently determine that it is NOT... (mark all that apply) A. A myosin I motor B. A dynein motor C. A myosin VI motor D. A kinesin motorarrow_forwardYou isolate the plasma membrane of cells and find that . . . A. it contains regions with different lipid compositions B. it has different lipid types on the outer and cytosolic leaflets of the membrane C. neither are possible D. A and B both occurarrow_forwardYou are studying the mobility of a transmembrane protein that contains extracellular domains, one transmembrane domain, and a large cytosolic domain. Under normal conditions, this protein is confined to a particular region of the membrane due to the cortical actin cytoskeletal network. Which of the following changes is most likely to increase mobility of this protein beyond the normal restricted region of the membrane? A. Increased temperature B. Protease cleavage of the extracellular domain of the protein C. Binding to a free-floating extracellular ligand, such as a hormone D. Protease cleavage of the cytosolic domain of the protein E. Aggregation of the protein with other transmembrane proteinsarrow_forward
- Topic: Benthic invertebrates as an indicator species for climate change, mapping changes in ecosystems (Historical Analysis & GIS) What objects or events has the team chosen to analyze? How does your team wish to delineate the domain or scale in which these objects or events operate? How does that limited domain facilitate a more feasible research project? What is your understanding of their relationships to other objects and events? Are you excluding other things from consideration which may influence the phenomena you seek to understand? Examples of such exclusions might include certain air-born pollutants; a general class of water bodies near Ottawa, or measurements recorded at other months of the year; interview participants from other organizations that are involved in the development of your central topic or issue. In what ways do your research questions follow as the most appropriate and/or most practical questions (given the circumstances) to pursue to better understand…arrow_forwardThe Esp gene encodes a protein that alters the structure of the insulin receptor on osteoblasts and interferes with the binding of insulin to the receptor. A researcher created a group of osteoblasts with an Esp mutation that prevented the production of a functional Esp product (mutant). The researcher then exposed the mutant strain and a normal strain that expresses Esp to glucose and compared the levels of insulin in the blood near the osteoblasts (Figure 2). Which of the following claims is most consistent with the data shown in Figure 2 ? A Esp expression is necessary to prevent the overproduction of insulin. B Esp protein does not regulate blood-sarrow_forwardPredict the per capita rate of change (r) for a population of ruil trees in the presence of the novel symbiont when the soil moisture is 29%. The formula I am given is y= -0.00012x^2 + 0.0088x -0.1372. Do I use this formula and plug in 29 for each x variable?arrow_forward
- Please answer the following chart so I can understand how to do it.arrow_forwardDigoxin: Intravenous Bolus - Two Compartment Model Drug Digoxin Route: IV Bolus Dose: 0.750 mg Plasma Concentration Time Profile Beta Alpha Time (hrs) Conc (ng/ml) LN (ng/ml) LN (ng/ml) LN 0.00 #NUM! #NUM! #NUM! 0.10 12.290 2.509 #NUM! #NUMI 0.60 6.975 1.942 #NUM! #NUMI 1.00 4.649 1.537 #NUM! #NUMI 2.00 2.201 0.789 #NUM! #NUM! 3.00 1.536 0.429 #NUM! #NUM! 4.00 1.342 0.294 #NUM! #NUM! 5.00 1.273 0.241 #NUM! #NUMI 6.00 1.238 0.213 #NUM! #NUM! 7.00 1.212 0.192 #NUM! #NUM! 8.00 1.188 0.172 #NUMI #NUM! 9.00 1.165 0.153 #NUM! #NUMI 10.00 1.143 0.134 #NUMI #NUM! 11.00 1.122 0.115 #NUM! 12.00 1.101 0.096 #NUMI 13.00 1.080 0.077 #NUMI 16.00 1.020 0.020 #NUMI 24.00 0.876 -0.132 #NUMI Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Alpha B Beta Units ng/ml hr-1 ng/ml hr-1 CO ng/ml H.C AUC ng x hr/ml Vc Vbeta Vss C L/hr TK (alpha) hr TX (beta) days 5+ F3 F4 F5 0+ F6 F7 % 6 95 14 #3 29 & t F8 F9 FW EWarrow_forwardLinuron, a derivative of urea, is used as an herbicide. Linuron serum levels were measured in 4Kg rabbits following a bolus IV injection of 10mg/kg. Time (minutes) Serum Linuron Levels (ug/ml) following IV dose 10 15.48 20 8.60 30 5.90 45 3.78 60 2.42 90 1.49 120 0.93 180 0.60 240 0.41 300 0.29 360 0.22 Analyze this data and perform the necessary calculations to determine the following pharmacokinetic parameters from the IV data: (5 points per parameter, 24 parameters/variables ■ 120 points possible). You do NOT need to submit graphs or data tables. Give the terminal regression line equation and R or R² value: Give the x axis (name and units, if any) of the terminal line: Give the y axis (name and units, if any) of the terminal line: Give the residual regression line equation and R or R² value: Give the x axis (name and units, if any) of the residual line: Give the y axis (name and units, if any) of the residual line:arrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage LearningConcepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Human Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337392938/9781337392938_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781938168116/9781938168116_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305251052/9781305251052_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305112100/9781305112100_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305967359/9781305967359_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781947172517/9781947172517_coverImage_Textbooks.gif)