For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column. a. mitogenic growth 1. mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation b. tumor-suppressor 2. programmed cell death genes c. cyclin-dependent 3. series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted d. apoptosis 4. proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle e. oncogenes 5. control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage f. growth factor 6. mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation g. signal transduction 7. signals a cell to leave G 0 and enter G 1 h. checkpoints 8. cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins i. cyclins 9. protein that binds a hormone

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a.	mitogenic growth	1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
b.	tumor-suppressor	2.	programmed cell death genes
c.	cyclin-dependent	3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
d.	apoptosis	4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
e.	oncogenes	5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
f.	growth factor	6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
g.	signal transduction	7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
h.	checkpoints	8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
i.	cyclins	9.	protein that binds a hormone

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitogenic growth” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some factors associated with the mitogenic growth helps in the regulation of cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitogenic growth: Signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁

Explanation of Solution

The mitogenic growth factors regulate the cell cycle. These factors gives signals to cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁ phase of cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “tumor suppressor” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The process of proliferation of cells are blocked by the tumor suppressor genes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Tumor suppressure: Mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The tumor-suppressor genes are the genes which restrict the cell proliferation. The mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level and can cause cancer.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclin dependent” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Cyclin dependent enzymes are those that helps in the phophorylation of the proteins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclin-dependent: Cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependent protein kinases regulate the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins. The phoshphorylation of the other proteins happens through signal transduction cascade mechanism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “apoptosis” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The phenomenone of specific programmed cell death is referred to as apoptosis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death genes

Explanation of Solution

Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. It sustain the balance of cells in the human body which is important for the immune system.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “oncogenes” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Mutation process in the oncogenes results in the cancer.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The oncogenes occur as protooncogenes at a cellular level. The protooncogenes carry normal function of cell proliferation. The mutations in the oncogenes causes cancer. It results in unlimited growth of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “growth factors” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some receptor that are most oftenly present on the surface of cells and are associated with the growth are referrd to as growth factors.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Growth factor: Protein that binds a hormone

Explanation of Solution

Growth factor receptors are present on the cell surface. The growth factor binds with these receptors to trigger the signal transduction cascade.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Series of steps or sequence of reactions is called signal transduction.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Signal transduction: Series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted

Explanation of Solution

Signal transduction is a sequence of reactions through which a message is transmitted. The reactions are stimulated by the interaction between the cell and its surface receptor.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “checkpoints” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Check points are referred to as the check points and are present througout the cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Checkpoints: Control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage

Explanation of Solution

The cell has a repair mechanism to correct the DNA damage. These control points are called as check points. Different checkpoints are present throughout the cycle so that mutated DNA is not divided or replicated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclins” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some proteins are used for the regulation or control of transition of cell cycle ans are called cyclins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclins: Proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependant kinases are the protein kinases which control the transition of the cell cycle. The cyclin protein is responsible for the function of cyclin dependent kinases.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a.	mitogenic growth	1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
b.	tumor-suppressor	2.	programmed cell death genes
c.	cyclin-dependent	3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
d.	apoptosis	4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
e.	oncogenes	5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
f.	growth factor	6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
g.	signal transduction	7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
h.	checkpoints	8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
i.	cyclins	9.	protein that binds a hormone

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitogenic growth” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some factors associated with the mitogenic growth helps in the regulation of cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitogenic growth: Signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁

Explanation of Solution

The mitogenic growth factors regulate the cell cycle. These factors gives signals to cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁ phase of cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “tumor suppressor” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The process of proliferation of cells are blocked by the tumor suppressor genes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Tumor suppressure: Mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The tumor-suppressor genes are the genes which restrict the cell proliferation. The mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level and can cause cancer.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclin dependent” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Cyclin dependent enzymes are those that helps in the phophorylation of the proteins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclin-dependent: Cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependent protein kinases regulate the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins. The phoshphorylation of the other proteins happens through signal transduction cascade mechanism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “apoptosis” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The phenomenone of specific programmed cell death is referred to as apoptosis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death genes

Explanation of Solution

Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. It sustain the balance of cells in the human body which is important for the immune system.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “oncogenes” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Mutation process in the oncogenes results in the cancer.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The oncogenes occur as protooncogenes at a cellular level. The protooncogenes carry normal function of cell proliferation. The mutations in the oncogenes causes cancer. It results in unlimited growth of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “growth factors” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some receptor that are most oftenly present on the surface of cells and are associated with the growth are referrd to as growth factors.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Growth factor: Protein that binds a hormone

Explanation of Solution

Growth factor receptors are present on the cell surface. The growth factor binds with these receptors to trigger the signal transduction cascade.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Series of steps or sequence of reactions is called signal transduction.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Signal transduction: Series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted

Explanation of Solution

Signal transduction is a sequence of reactions through which a message is transmitted. The reactions are stimulated by the interaction between the cell and its surface receptor.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “checkpoints” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Check points are referred to as the check points and are present througout the cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Checkpoints: Control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage

Explanation of Solution

The cell has a repair mechanism to correct the DNA damage. These control points are called as check points. Different checkpoints are present throughout the cycle so that mutated DNA is not divided or replicated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclins” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some proteins are used for the regulation or control of transition of cell cycle ans are called cyclins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclins: Proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependant kinases are the protein kinases which control the transition of the cell cycle. The cyclin protein is responsible for the function of cyclin dependent kinases.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a.	mitogenic growth	1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
b.	tumor-suppressor	2.	programmed cell death genes
c.	cyclin-dependent	3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
d.	apoptosis	4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
e.	oncogenes	5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
f.	growth factor	6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
g.	signal transduction	7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
h.	checkpoints	8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
i.	cyclins	9.	protein that binds a hormone

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitogenic growth” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some factors associated with the mitogenic growth helps in the regulation of cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitogenic growth: Signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁

Explanation of Solution

The mitogenic growth factors regulate the cell cycle. These factors gives signals to cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁ phase of cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “tumor suppressor” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The process of proliferation of cells are blocked by the tumor suppressor genes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Tumor suppressure: Mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The tumor-suppressor genes are the genes which restrict the cell proliferation. The mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level and can cause cancer.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclin dependent” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Cyclin dependent enzymes are those that helps in the phophorylation of the proteins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclin-dependent: Cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependent protein kinases regulate the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins. The phoshphorylation of the other proteins happens through signal transduction cascade mechanism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “apoptosis” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The phenomenone of specific programmed cell death is referred to as apoptosis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death genes

Explanation of Solution

Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. It sustain the balance of cells in the human body which is important for the immune system.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “oncogenes” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Mutation process in the oncogenes results in the cancer.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The oncogenes occur as protooncogenes at a cellular level. The protooncogenes carry normal function of cell proliferation. The mutations in the oncogenes causes cancer. It results in unlimited growth of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “growth factors” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some receptor that are most oftenly present on the surface of cells and are associated with the growth are referrd to as growth factors.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Growth factor: Protein that binds a hormone

Explanation of Solution

Growth factor receptors are present on the cell surface. The growth factor binds with these receptors to trigger the signal transduction cascade.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Series of steps or sequence of reactions is called signal transduction.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Signal transduction: Series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted

Explanation of Solution

Signal transduction is a sequence of reactions through which a message is transmitted. The reactions are stimulated by the interaction between the cell and its surface receptor.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “checkpoints” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Check points are referred to as the check points and are present througout the cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Checkpoints: Control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage

Explanation of Solution

The cell has a repair mechanism to correct the DNA damage. These control points are called as check points. Different checkpoints are present throughout the cycle so that mutated DNA is not divided or replicated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclins” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some proteins are used for the regulation or control of transition of cell cycle ans are called cyclins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclins: Proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependant kinases are the protein kinases which control the transition of the cell cycle. The cyclin protein is responsible for the function of cyclin dependent kinases.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a.	mitogenic growth	1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
b.	tumor-suppressor	2.	programmed cell death genes
c.	cyclin-dependent	3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
d.	apoptosis	4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
e.	oncogenes	5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
f.	growth factor	6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
g.	signal transduction	7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
h.	checkpoints	8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
i.	cyclins	9.	protein that binds a hormone

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitogenic growth” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some factors associated with the mitogenic growth helps in the regulation of cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitogenic growth: Signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁

Explanation of Solution

The mitogenic growth factors regulate the cell cycle. These factors gives signals to cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁ phase of cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “tumor suppressor” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The process of proliferation of cells are blocked by the tumor suppressor genes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Tumor suppressure: Mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The tumor-suppressor genes are the genes which restrict the cell proliferation. The mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level and can cause cancer.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclin dependent” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Cyclin dependent enzymes are those that helps in the phophorylation of the proteins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclin-dependent: Cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependent protein kinases regulate the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins. The phoshphorylation of the other proteins happens through signal transduction cascade mechanism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “apoptosis” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The phenomenone of specific programmed cell death is referred to as apoptosis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death genes

Explanation of Solution

Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. It sustain the balance of cells in the human body which is important for the immune system.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “oncogenes” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Mutation process in the oncogenes results in the cancer.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The oncogenes occur as protooncogenes at a cellular level. The protooncogenes carry normal function of cell proliferation. The mutations in the oncogenes causes cancer. It results in unlimited growth of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “growth factors” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some receptor that are most oftenly present on the surface of cells and are associated with the growth are referrd to as growth factors.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Growth factor: Protein that binds a hormone

Explanation of Solution

Growth factor receptors are present on the cell surface. The growth factor binds with these receptors to trigger the signal transduction cascade.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Series of steps or sequence of reactions is called signal transduction.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Signal transduction: Series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted

Explanation of Solution

Signal transduction is a sequence of reactions through which a message is transmitted. The reactions are stimulated by the interaction between the cell and its surface receptor.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “checkpoints” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Check points are referred to as the check points and are present througout the cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Checkpoints: Control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage

Explanation of Solution

The cell has a repair mechanism to correct the DNA damage. These control points are called as check points. Different checkpoints are present throughout the cycle so that mutated DNA is not divided or replicated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclins” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some proteins are used for the regulation or control of transition of cell cycle ans are called cyclins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclins: Proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependant kinases are the protein kinases which control the transition of the cell cycle. The cyclin protein is responsible for the function of cyclin dependent kinases.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitogenic growth” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some factors associated with the mitogenic growth helps in the regulation of cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitogenic growth: Signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁

Explanation of Solution

The mitogenic growth factors regulate the cell cycle. These factors gives signals to cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁ phase of cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “tumor suppressor” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The process of proliferation of cells are blocked by the tumor suppressor genes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Tumor suppressure: Mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The tumor-suppressor genes are the genes which restrict the cell proliferation. The mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level and can cause cancer.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclin dependent” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Cyclin dependent enzymes are those that helps in the phophorylation of the proteins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclin-dependent: Cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependent protein kinases regulate the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins. The phoshphorylation of the other proteins happens through signal transduction cascade mechanism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “apoptosis” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The phenomenone of specific programmed cell death is referred to as apoptosis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death genes

Explanation of Solution

Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. It sustain the balance of cells in the human body which is important for the immune system.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “oncogenes” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Mutation process in the oncogenes results in the cancer.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The oncogenes occur as protooncogenes at a cellular level. The protooncogenes carry normal function of cell proliferation. The mutations in the oncogenes causes cancer. It results in unlimited growth of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “growth factors” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some receptor that are most oftenly present on the surface of cells and are associated with the growth are referrd to as growth factors.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Growth factor: Protein that binds a hormone

Explanation of Solution

Growth factor receptors are present on the cell surface. The growth factor binds with these receptors to trigger the signal transduction cascade.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Series of steps or sequence of reactions is called signal transduction.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Signal transduction: Series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted

Explanation of Solution

Signal transduction is a sequence of reactions through which a message is transmitted. The reactions are stimulated by the interaction between the cell and its surface receptor.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “checkpoints” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Check points are referred to as the check points and are present througout the cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Checkpoints: Control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage

Explanation of Solution

The cell has a repair mechanism to correct the DNA damage. These control points are called as check points. Different checkpoints are present throughout the cycle so that mutated DNA is not divided or replicated.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclins” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some proteins are used for the regulation or control of transition of cell cycle ans are called cyclins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclins: Proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependant kinases are the protein kinases which control the transition of the cell cycle. The cyclin protein is responsible for the function of cyclin dependent kinases.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitogenic growth” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some factors associated with the mitogenic growth helps in the regulation of cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitogenic growth: Signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁

Explanation of Solution

The mitogenic growth factors regulate the cell cycle. These factors gives signals to cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁ phase of cell cycle.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitogenic growth” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some factors associated with the mitogenic growth helps in the regulation of cell cycle.

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitogenic growth: Signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

The mitogenic growth factors regulate the cell cycle. These factors gives signals to cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁ phase of cell cycle.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “tumor suppressor” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The process of proliferation of cells are blocked by the tumor suppressor genes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Tumor suppressure: Mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The tumor-suppressor genes are the genes which restrict the cell proliferation. The mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level and can cause cancer.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “tumor suppressor” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The process of proliferation of cells are blocked by the tumor suppressor genes.

Answer 20

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Tumor suppressure: Mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation

Answer 21

Explanation of Solution

The tumor-suppressor genes are the genes which restrict the cell proliferation. The mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level and can cause cancer.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclin dependent” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Cyclin dependent enzymes are those that helps in the phophorylation of the proteins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclin-dependent: Cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependent protein kinases regulate the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins. The phoshphorylation of the other proteins happens through signal transduction cascade mechanism.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclin dependent” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Cyclin dependent enzymes are those that helps in the phophorylation of the proteins.

Answer 27

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclin-dependent: Cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependent protein kinases regulate the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins. The phoshphorylation of the other proteins happens through signal transduction cascade mechanism.

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “apoptosis” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The phenomenone of specific programmed cell death is referred to as apoptosis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death genes

Explanation of Solution

Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. It sustain the balance of cells in the human body which is important for the immune system.

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “apoptosis” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

The phenomenone of specific programmed cell death is referred to as apoptosis.

Answer 34

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death genes

Answer 35

Explanation of Solution

Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. It sustain the balance of cells in the human body which is important for the immune system.

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “oncogenes” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Mutation process in the oncogenes results in the cancer.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation

Explanation of Solution

The oncogenes occur as protooncogenes at a cellular level. The protooncogenes carry normal function of cell proliferation. The mutations in the oncogenes causes cancer. It results in unlimited growth of cells.

Answer 37

Expert Solution

Answer 38

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “oncogenes” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Mutation process in the oncogenes results in the cancer.

Answer 41

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Oncogenes: Mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation

Answer 42

Explanation of Solution

The oncogenes occur as protooncogenes at a cellular level. The protooncogenes carry normal function of cell proliferation. The mutations in the oncogenes causes cancer. It results in unlimited growth of cells.

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “growth factors” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some receptor that are most oftenly present on the surface of cells and are associated with the growth are referrd to as growth factors.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Growth factor: Protein that binds a hormone

Explanation of Solution

Growth factor receptors are present on the cell surface. The growth factor binds with these receptors to trigger the signal transduction cascade.

Answer 44

Expert Solution

Answer 45

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “growth factors” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some receptor that are most oftenly present on the surface of cells and are associated with the growth are referrd to as growth factors.

Answer 48

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Growth factor: Protein that binds a hormone

Answer 49

Explanation of Solution

Growth factor receptors are present on the cell surface. The growth factor binds with these receptors to trigger the signal transduction cascade.

Answer 50

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Series of steps or sequence of reactions is called signal transduction.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Signal transduction: Series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted

Explanation of Solution

Signal transduction is a sequence of reactions through which a message is transmitted. The reactions are stimulated by the interaction between the cell and its surface receptor.

Answer 51

Expert Solution

Answer 52

Expert Solution

Answer 53

Expert Solution

Answer 54

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Series of steps or sequence of reactions is called signal transduction.

Answer 55

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Signal transduction: Series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted

Answer 56

Explanation of Solution

Signal transduction is a sequence of reactions through which a message is transmitted. The reactions are stimulated by the interaction between the cell and its surface receptor.

Answer 57

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “checkpoints” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Check points are referred to as the check points and are present througout the cell cycle.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Checkpoints: Control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage

Explanation of Solution

The cell has a repair mechanism to correct the DNA damage. These control points are called as check points. Different checkpoints are present throughout the cycle so that mutated DNA is not divided or replicated.

Answer 58

Expert Solution

Answer 59

Expert Solution

Answer 60

Expert Solution

Answer 61

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “checkpoints” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Check points are referred to as the check points and are present througout the cell cycle.

Answer 62

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Checkpoints: Control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage

Answer 63

Explanation of Solution

The cell has a repair mechanism to correct the DNA damage. These control points are called as check points. Different checkpoints are present throughout the cycle so that mutated DNA is not divided or replicated.

Answer 64

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclins” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some proteins are used for the regulation or control of transition of cell cycle ans are called cyclins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclins: Proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependant kinases are the protein kinases which control the transition of the cell cycle. The cyclin protein is responsible for the function of cyclin dependent kinases.

Answer 65

Expert Solution

Answer 66

Expert Solution

Answer 67

Expert Solution

Answer 68

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cyclins” among the options given below.

1.	mutations in these genes are factor dominant for cancer formation
2.	programmed cell death genes
3.	series of steps by which a message is protein kinases transmitted
4.	proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle
5.	control progress in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
6.	mutations in these genes are recessive receptor at the cellular level for cancer formation
7.	signals a cell to leave G₀ and enter G₁
8.	cell-cycle enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
9.	protein that binds a hormone

Introduction:

Some proteins are used for the regulation or control of transition of cell cycle ans are called cyclins.

Answer 69

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cyclins: Proteins that are active cyclically during the cell cycle

Answer 70

Explanation of Solution

The cyclin dependant kinases are the protein kinases which control the transition of the cell cycle. The cyclin protein is responsible for the function of cyclin dependent kinases.