The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 ° C . Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is, Δ G ° = − R T ln K Where, T denotes temperature. K denotes equilibrium constant. R denotes a gas constant. Δ G ° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

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Calculate the pH and the pOH of each of the following solutions at 25 °C for which the substances ionize completely: (a) 0.200 M HCl

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

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Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 54P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations is to be calculated at 25 °C .

Concept introduction: The formula that determines spontaneity of the reaction is,

ΔG°=−RTlnK

Where,

Tdenotes temperature.

Kdenotes equilibrium constant.

Rdenotes a gas constant.

ΔG° denotes standard Gibbs energy.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The potential-energy diagram for rotation about the C2–C3 bond in 2-methylbutane and relative energy values to all the conformations should be determined.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: All Newman projections of 2-methylbutane should be drawn and two most favorable ones should be indicated.

Concept introduction: Various interconvertible forms that result from rotation around the C–C bind in ethane are termed as conformer. To depict such conformation Newman projections are written. These are obtained by conversion of hashed-wedged line structure simply when the molecule is viewed in a plane along the C–C

as illustrated below:

Thus in Newman's projection of simple ethane molecule the “front” C is depicted as an intersection of three bonds with three attached H . The other three bonds connect to the large circle corresponding to “back” carbon in C–C bond.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.1E Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.2E Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.3E Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.5TIY Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.6E Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2.7E Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 2.8E Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2.9E Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2.10E Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2.11E

Solution Summary: The author explains the value of free energy change between more favorable and less favorable conformations.

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