The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony. Introduction: Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism. Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time. Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

Answer 12

Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 4R Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 3R

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