The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony. Introduction: Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism. Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time. Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

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19. On the diagram below a. Label the three pictures as: DNA; polypeptide; or RNA. b. Label the arrows as: translation or transcription/RNA processing. c. Add the following details to the diagram. Promoter region TATA box Transcription start site Transcription terminator Intron (A,B,C,D) Exons (1,2,3,4,5) Splice sites 5' cap 5' UTR (untranslated region) 3' poly A tail 3' UTR (untranslated region) Translational start (AUG) Translational stop (UGA, UAG, or UAA) N and C ends of polypeptide 0000

Match the letter labels in the figure below to the terms. Some letter labels are not used. MNNNNNNIN M C B A M D F E H K G 8

The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for? 3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The results and formulate a hypothesis for the role of a transcription factor in the two species. Also, assess whether it is an example of heterometry, heterotropy, or heterochrony.

Introduction:

Transcription factors are the proteins involved in the process of transcribing the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules into RNA (ribonucleic acid). These factors can repress or activate transcription to regulate expression of a gene within a cell of an organism.

Heterometry is referred to the change in the amount of gene expression during the developmental stages of an organism. Heterotropy is termed as the evolutionary change in the spatial pattern of development. Heterochrony is defined as the change in gene expression timings and developmental rates of an organism. The figure shows the gene expression pattern for both species 1 and 2 over the course of time.

Figure: Change in relative units of a transcription factor with time.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

It can be clearly observed from the above figure that the two species are relatively different in terms of the duration of time taken for a transcription factor to remain high. In species 1, the duration of gene expression remains longer in comparison to the expression of a transcription factor in species 2. Thus, it is an example of heterochrony due to the differences in their timing of transcription factor’s expression.

Thus, it can be hypothetically stated that the differential timing of expression of the transcription factor causes the morphological difference between species 1 and 2. A longer period of high transcription factor’s expression in species 1 specifically leads to longer abdominal bristles in that species.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the species 1 have a longer time of expression of a transcription factor as compared to species 2 and this an example of heterochrony. The morphological differences occur between the two species due to the difference in the timing of expression of the transcription factors.

Answer 12

Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 4R Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 3R

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