
(a)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
The universe consists of two parts, systems and surroundings. The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.
The
The
The
Here,
The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by
The rearranged expression is,
(a)

Answer to Problem 84SCQ
The
Explanation of Solution
The
Given:
Refer to Appendix L for the values of standard entropies.
The standard entropy of
The standard entropy of
The standard entropy of
The balanced chemical equation is:
The
Substitute the values,
(b)
Interpretation:
It should be identified that
Concept introduction:
The universe consists of two parts, systems and surroundings. The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.
The
The
The
Here,
The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by
The rearranged expression is,
(b)

Answer to Problem 84SCQ
The value of
Explanation of Solution
The entropy of the system is dependent upon temperature. Entropy of any system increases with increase in the temperature due to the heat which is added to the system at higher temperatures.
(c)
Interpretation:
It should be identified that
Concept introduction:
The universe consists of two parts, systems and surroundings. The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.
The
The
The
Here,
The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by
The rearranged expression is,
(c)

Answer to Problem 84SCQ
The
Explanation of Solution
The
Here,
Thus,
(d)
Interpretation:
It should be identified that
Concept introduction:
The universe consists of two parts, systems and surroundings. The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.
The
The
The
Here,
The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by
The rearranged expression is,
(d)

Answer to Problem 84SCQ
The value of
Explanation of Solution
The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.
Both
(e)
Interpretation:
It should be identified that does exothermic reaction will always results in positive
Concept introduction:
The universe consists of two parts, systems and surroundings. The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.
The
The
The
Here,
The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by
The rearranged expression is,
(e)

Answer to Problem 84SCQ
The exothermic reaction does not necessarily leads to a positive value of
Explanation of Solution
The exothermic reaction have negative value of free energy change which means that the
(f)
Interpretation:
It should be identified that reaction of
Concept introduction:
The universe consists of two parts, systems and surroundings. The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.
The
The
The
Here,
The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by
The rearranged expression is,
(f)

Answer to Problem 84SCQ
The reaction is spontaneous at
The reaction is not spontaneous at
Explanation of Solution
The free energy change for the given reaction is calculated below.
Given:
Refer to Appendix L for the values of standard entropies.
The standard enthalpy of
The standard enthalpy of
The standard enthalpy of
The balanced chemical equation is:
The
Substitute the values,
Now,
Substitute the values at temperature
Thus, the reaction is spontaneous at
Substitute the values at temperature
Thus, the reaction is not spontaneous at
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Chapter 18 Solutions
CHEMISTRY+CHEM...HYBRID ED.(LL)>CUSTOM<
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